ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 1997. Prevention and control of intestinal parasitic infections. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 749 :1–86.
-
2
Stephenson LS, Holland CV, Cooper ES, 2000. The public health significance of Trichuris trichiura. Parasitology 121 (Suppl):S73–S95.
-
3
Hotez PJ, Zhan B, Bethony JM, Loukas A, Williamson A, Goud GN, Hawdon JM, Dobardzic A, Dobardzic R, Ghosh K, Bottazzi ME, Mendez S, Zook B, Wang Y, Liu S, Essiet-Gibson I, Chung-Debose S, Xiao S, Knox D, Meagher M, Inan M, Correa-Oliveira R, Vilk P, Shepherd HR, Brandt W, Russell PK, 2003. Progress in the development of a recombinant vaccine for human hookworm disease: The Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative. Int J Parasitol 33 :1245–1258.
-
4
Smith H, Dekaminsky R, Niwas S, Soto R, Jolly P, 2001. Prevalence and intensity of infections of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura and associated socio-demographic variables in four rural Honduran communities. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :303–314.
-
5
Leonardo LR, Acosta LP, Olveda RM, Aligui GD, 2002. Difficulties and strategies in the control of schistosomiasis in the Philipines. Acta Trop 82 :295–299.
-
6
Cabrera BD, 1984. Reinfection and infection rates of ascariasis in relation to seasonal variation in the Philippines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 15 :394–401.
-
7
World Bank, 1993. World Development Report: Investing in Health. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 1993.
-
8
Drake LJ, Bundy DA, 2001. Multiple helminth infections in children: impact and control. Parasitology 122 (Suppl):S73–S81.
-
9
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Global malnutrition. Parasitology 121 (Suppl):S5–22.
-
10
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121 (Suppl):S23–S38.
-
11
Stoltzfus RJ, Albonico M, Chwaya HM, Savioli L, Tielsch J, Schulze K, Yip R, 1996. Hemoquant determination of hookworm-related blood loss and its role in iron deficiency in African children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :399–404.
-
12
Stoltzfus RJ, Chwaya HM, Tielsch JM, Schulze KJ, Albonico M, Savioli L, 1997. Epidemiology of iron deficiency anemia in Zanzibari schoolchildren: the importance of hookworms. Am J Clin Nutr 65 :153–159.
-
13
Dickson R, Awasthi S, Williamson P, Demellweek C, Garner P, 2000. Effects of treatment for intestinal helminth infection on growth and cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ 320 :1697–1701.
-
14
Hadidjaja P, Bonang E, Suyardi MA, Abidin SA, Ismid IS, Margono SS, 1998. The effect of intervention methods on nutritional status and cognitive function of primary school children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :791–795.
-
15
Thein-Hlaing, Thane-Toe, Than-Saw, Myat-Lay-Kyin, Myint-Lwin, 1991. A controlled chemotherapeutic intervention trial on the relationship between Ascaris lumbricoides infection and malnutrition in children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :523–528.
-
16
Nokes C, McGarvey ST, Shiue L, Wu G, Wu H, Bundy DA, Olds GR, 1999. Evidence for an improvement in cognitive function following treatment of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Chinese primary schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :556–565.
-
17
Jukes MC, Nokes CA, Alcock KJ, Lambo JK, Kihamia C, Ngorosho N, Mbise A, Lorri W, Yona E, Mwanri L, Baddeley AD, Hall A, Bundy DA; Partnership for Child Development, 2002. Heavy schistosomiasis associated with poor short-term memory and slower reaction times in Tanzanian schoolchildren. Trop Med Int Health 7 :104–117.
-
18
Boivin MJ, Giordani B, 1993. Improvements in cognitive performance for schoolchildren in Zaire, Africa, following an iron supplement and treatment for intestinal parasites. J Pediatr Psychol 18 :249–264.
-
19
Boivin MJ, Giordani B, Ndanga K, Maky MM, Manzeki KM, Ngunu N, 1996. Economic advantage and the cognitive ability of rural children in Zaire. J Psychol 130 :95–107.
-
20
Boivin MJ, Giordani B, Ndanga K, Maky MM, Manzeki KM, Ngunu N, Muamba K, 1993. Effects of treatment for intestinal parasites and malaria on the cognitive abilities of schoolchildren in Zaire, Africa. Health Psychol 12 :220–226.
-
21
Nokes C, 1996. A healthy body and a healthy mind?: the relationship between ill-health and cognitive function in school-age children. J Biosoc Sci 28 :453–462.
-
22
Olveda RM, Daniel BL, Ramirez BD, Aligui GD, Acosta LP, Fevidal P, Tiu E, de Veyra F, Peters PA, Romulo R, Domingo E, Wiest PM, Olds GR, 1996. Schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines: the long-term impact of population-based chemotherapy on infection, transmission, and morbidity. J Infect Dis 174 :163–172.
-
23
Olveda RM, Tiu E, Fevidal P Jr, de Veyra F Jr, Icatlo FC Jr, Domingo EO, 1983. Relationship of prevalence and intensity of infection to morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica: a study of three communities in Leyte, Philippines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :1312–1321.
-
24
Adams W, Sheslow D, 1990. Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning. Wilmington, DE: Jastak Associates. http://www.widerange.com/wraml.htm.
-
25
Baddeley A, Gardner JM, Grantham-McGregor S, 1995. Cross-cultural cognition: developing tests for developing countries. Appl Cognitive Psychol 9 :S173–S195.
-
26
Guthrie GM, Tayag AH, Jimenez-Jacobs P, 1977. The Philippine nonverbal intelligence test. J Soc Psychol 102 :3–11.
-
27
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data–or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38 :115–132.
-
28
Ogden CL, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Mei Z, Guo S, Wei R, Grummer-Strawn LM, Curtin LR, Roche AF, Johnson CL, 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics version. Pediatrics 109 :45–60.
-
29
Braithwaite VA, Salkeld DJ, McAdam HM, Hockings CG, Ludlow AM, Read AF, 1998. Spatial and discrimination learning in rodents infected with the nematode Strongyloides ratti. Parasitology 117 :145–154.
-
30
Cox DM, Holland CV, 2001. Relationship between three intensity levels of Toxocara canis larvae in the brain and effects on exploration, anxiety, learning and memory in the murine host. J Helminthol 75 :33–41.
-
31
Sakti H, Nokes C, Hertanto WS, Hendratno S, Hall A, Bundy DA, Satoto, 1999. Evidence for an association between hookworm infection and cognitive function in Indonesian school children. Trop Med Int Health 4 :322–334.
-
32
Watkins WE, Cruz JR, Pollitt E, 1996. The effects of deworming on indicators of school performance in Guatemala. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :156–161.
-
33
Simeon DT, Grantham-McGregor SM, Callender JE, Wong MS, 1995. Treatment of Trichuris trichiura infections improves growth, spelling scores and school attendance in some children. J Nutr 125 :1875–1883.
-
34
Sternberg RJ, Powell C, McGrane P, Grantham-McGregor, S, 1997. Effects of a parasitic infection on cognitive functioning. J Exp Psychol: Applied 3 :67–76.
-
35
Nokes C, Grantham-McGregor SM, Sawyer AW, Cooper ES, Robinson BA, Bundy DA, 1992. Moderate to heavy infections of Trichuris trichiura affect cognitive function in Jamaican school children. Parasitology 104 :539–547.
-
36
Nokes C, Grantham-McGregor SM, Sawyer AW, Cooper ES, Bundy DA, 1992. Parasitic helminth infection and cognitive function in school children. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 247 :77–81.
-
37
Nokes C, Cooper ES, Robinson BA, Bundy DA, 1991. Geohelminth infection and academic assessment in Jamaican children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :272–273.
-
38
McGarvey ST, Wu G, Zhang S, Wang Y, Peters P, Olds GR, Wiest PM, 1993. Child growth, nutritional status, and schistosomiasis japonica in Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :547–553.
-
39
Hall A, 1985. Nutritional aspects of parasitic infection. Prog Food Nutr Sci 9 :227–256.
-
40
Blackburn HD, Rocha JL, Figueiredo EP, Berne ME, Vieira LS, Cavalcante AR, Rosa JS, 1991. Interaction of parasitism and nutrition and their effects on production and clinical parameters in goats. Vet Parasitol 40 :99–112.
-
41
Hlaing T, 1993. Ascariasis and childhood malnutrition. Parasitology 107 (Suppl):S125–S136.
-
42
Lunn PG, Northrop-Clewes CA, 1993. The impact of gastrointestinal parasites on protein-energy malnutrition in man. Proc Nutr Soc 52 :101–111.
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43
Hagel I, Lynch NR, Di Prisco MC, Perez M, Sanchez JE, Pereyra BN, Soto de Sanabria I, 1999. Helminthic infection and anthropometric indicators in children from a tropical slum: Ascaris reinfection after anthelmintic treatment. J Trop Pediatr 45 :215–220.
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44
Zulkifli A, Anuar AK, Atiya AS, Yano A, 2000. The prevalence of malnutrition and geo-helminth infections among primary schoolchildren in rural Kelantan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31 :339–345.
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van Stuijvenberg ME, Kvalsvig JD, Faber M, Kruger M, Kenoyer DG, Benade AJ, 1999. Effect of iron-, iodine-, and beta-carotene-fortified biscuits on the micronutrient status of primary school children: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 69 :497–503.
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Brown WS, Marsh JT, Wolcott D, Takushi R, Carr CR, Higa J, Nissenson AR, 1991. Cognitive function, mood and P3 latency: effects of the amelioration of anemia in dialysis patients. Neuropsychologia 29 :35–45.
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HELMINTH INFECTION AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AMONG FILIPINO CHILDREN
AMARA E. EZEAMAMA
AMARA E. EZEAMAMA
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines; Department of Environmental Health, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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JENNIFER F. FRIEDMAN
JENNIFER F. FRIEDMAN
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines; Department of Environmental Health, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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LUZ P. ACOSTA
LUZ P. ACOSTA
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines; Department of Environmental Health, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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DAVID C. BELLINGER
DAVID C. BELLINGER
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines; Department of Environmental Health, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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GRETCHEN C. LANGDON
GRETCHEN C. LANGDON
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines; Department of Environmental Health, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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DARIA L. MANALO
DARIA L. MANALO
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines; Department of Environmental Health, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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REMIGIO M. OLVEDA
REMIGIO M. OLVEDA
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines; Department of Environmental Health, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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JONATHAN D. KURTIS
JONATHAN D. KURTIS
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines; Department of Environmental Health, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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STEPHEN T. MCGARVEY
STEPHEN T. MCGARVEY
International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Research Institute of Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines; Department of Environmental Health, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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The objective of this study was to examine the independent effect of infection with each of four helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma japonicum, Necator americanus, and Trichuris trichiura) on cognitive function after adjusting for the potential confounders nutritional status, socioeconomic status (SES), hemoglobin, sex, and the presence of other helminthes. This cross-sectional study was carried out in a rural village in Leyte, The Philippines in 319 children 7–18 years old. Three stools were collected and read in duplicate by the Kato Katz method. Infection intensity was defined by World Health Organization criteria. Cognitive tests were culturally adapted and translated. Learning and memory cognitive domains were each defined by three subscales of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, which had an inter-rater reliability ≥ 0.92 and test-retest reliabilities ranging from 0.61 to 0.89. A household SES questionnaire was administered. A logistic regression model was used to quantify the association between performance in different cognitive domains (learning, memory, verbal fluency, and the Philippine Non-Verbal Intelligence Test) and helminth infections. After adjusting for age, sex, nutritional status, hemoglobin, and SES, S. japonicum infection was associated with poor performance on tests of learning (odds ratio [OR] = 3.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1–6.9), A. lumbricoides infection was associated with poor performance on tests of memory (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.04–4.7), and T. trichiura infection was associated with poor performance on tests of verbal fluency (OR = 4.5, 95% CI = 1.04–30). Helminth infection was associated with lower performance in three of the four cognitive domains examined in this study. These relationships remained after rigorous control for other helminths and important confounding covariates.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
World Health Organization, 1997. Prevention and control of intestinal parasitic infections. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 749 :1–86.
-
2
Stephenson LS, Holland CV, Cooper ES, 2000. The public health significance of Trichuris trichiura. Parasitology 121 (Suppl):S73–S95.
-
3
Hotez PJ, Zhan B, Bethony JM, Loukas A, Williamson A, Goud GN, Hawdon JM, Dobardzic A, Dobardzic R, Ghosh K, Bottazzi ME, Mendez S, Zook B, Wang Y, Liu S, Essiet-Gibson I, Chung-Debose S, Xiao S, Knox D, Meagher M, Inan M, Correa-Oliveira R, Vilk P, Shepherd HR, Brandt W, Russell PK, 2003. Progress in the development of a recombinant vaccine for human hookworm disease: The Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative. Int J Parasitol 33 :1245–1258.
-
4
Smith H, Dekaminsky R, Niwas S, Soto R, Jolly P, 2001. Prevalence and intensity of infections of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura and associated socio-demographic variables in four rural Honduran communities. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :303–314.
-
5
Leonardo LR, Acosta LP, Olveda RM, Aligui GD, 2002. Difficulties and strategies in the control of schistosomiasis in the Philipines. Acta Trop 82 :295–299.
-
6
Cabrera BD, 1984. Reinfection and infection rates of ascariasis in relation to seasonal variation in the Philippines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 15 :394–401.
-
7
World Bank, 1993. World Development Report: Investing in Health. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 1993.
-
8
Drake LJ, Bundy DA, 2001. Multiple helminth infections in children: impact and control. Parasitology 122 (Suppl):S73–S81.
-
9
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Global malnutrition. Parasitology 121 (Suppl):S5–22.
-
10
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121 (Suppl):S23–S38.
-
11
Stoltzfus RJ, Albonico M, Chwaya HM, Savioli L, Tielsch J, Schulze K, Yip R, 1996. Hemoquant determination of hookworm-related blood loss and its role in iron deficiency in African children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :399–404.
-
12
Stoltzfus RJ, Chwaya HM, Tielsch JM, Schulze KJ, Albonico M, Savioli L, 1997. Epidemiology of iron deficiency anemia in Zanzibari schoolchildren: the importance of hookworms. Am J Clin Nutr 65 :153–159.
-
13
Dickson R, Awasthi S, Williamson P, Demellweek C, Garner P, 2000. Effects of treatment for intestinal helminth infection on growth and cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ 320 :1697–1701.
-
14
Hadidjaja P, Bonang E, Suyardi MA, Abidin SA, Ismid IS, Margono SS, 1998. The effect of intervention methods on nutritional status and cognitive function of primary school children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :791–795.
-
15
Thein-Hlaing, Thane-Toe, Than-Saw, Myat-Lay-Kyin, Myint-Lwin, 1991. A controlled chemotherapeutic intervention trial on the relationship between Ascaris lumbricoides infection and malnutrition in children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :523–528.
-
16
Nokes C, McGarvey ST, Shiue L, Wu G, Wu H, Bundy DA, Olds GR, 1999. Evidence for an improvement in cognitive function following treatment of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Chinese primary schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :556–565.
-
17
Jukes MC, Nokes CA, Alcock KJ, Lambo JK, Kihamia C, Ngorosho N, Mbise A, Lorri W, Yona E, Mwanri L, Baddeley AD, Hall A, Bundy DA; Partnership for Child Development, 2002. Heavy schistosomiasis associated with poor short-term memory and slower reaction times in Tanzanian schoolchildren. Trop Med Int Health 7 :104–117.
-
18
Boivin MJ, Giordani B, 1993. Improvements in cognitive performance for schoolchildren in Zaire, Africa, following an iron supplement and treatment for intestinal parasites. J Pediatr Psychol 18 :249–264.
-
19
Boivin MJ, Giordani B, Ndanga K, Maky MM, Manzeki KM, Ngunu N, 1996. Economic advantage and the cognitive ability of rural children in Zaire. J Psychol 130 :95–107.
-
20
Boivin MJ, Giordani B, Ndanga K, Maky MM, Manzeki KM, Ngunu N, Muamba K, 1993. Effects of treatment for intestinal parasites and malaria on the cognitive abilities of schoolchildren in Zaire, Africa. Health Psychol 12 :220–226.
-
21
Nokes C, 1996. A healthy body and a healthy mind?: the relationship between ill-health and cognitive function in school-age children. J Biosoc Sci 28 :453–462.
-
22
Olveda RM, Daniel BL, Ramirez BD, Aligui GD, Acosta LP, Fevidal P, Tiu E, de Veyra F, Peters PA, Romulo R, Domingo E, Wiest PM, Olds GR, 1996. Schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines: the long-term impact of population-based chemotherapy on infection, transmission, and morbidity. J Infect Dis 174 :163–172.
-
23
Olveda RM, Tiu E, Fevidal P Jr, de Veyra F Jr, Icatlo FC Jr, Domingo EO, 1983. Relationship of prevalence and intensity of infection to morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica: a study of three communities in Leyte, Philippines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 :1312–1321.
-
24
Adams W, Sheslow D, 1990. Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning. Wilmington, DE: Jastak Associates. http://www.widerange.com/wraml.htm.
-
25
Baddeley A, Gardner JM, Grantham-McGregor S, 1995. Cross-cultural cognition: developing tests for developing countries. Appl Cognitive Psychol 9 :S173–S195.
-
26
Guthrie GM, Tayag AH, Jimenez-Jacobs P, 1977. The Philippine nonverbal intelligence test. J Soc Psychol 102 :3–11.
-
27
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data–or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38 :115–132.
-
28
Ogden CL, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Mei Z, Guo S, Wei R, Grummer-Strawn LM, Curtin LR, Roche AF, Johnson CL, 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics version. Pediatrics 109 :45–60.
-
29
Braithwaite VA, Salkeld DJ, McAdam HM, Hockings CG, Ludlow AM, Read AF, 1998. Spatial and discrimination learning in rodents infected with the nematode Strongyloides ratti. Parasitology 117 :145–154.
-
30
Cox DM, Holland CV, 2001. Relationship between three intensity levels of Toxocara canis larvae in the brain and effects on exploration, anxiety, learning and memory in the murine host. J Helminthol 75 :33–41.
-
31
Sakti H, Nokes C, Hertanto WS, Hendratno S, Hall A, Bundy DA, Satoto, 1999. Evidence for an association between hookworm infection and cognitive function in Indonesian school children. Trop Med Int Health 4 :322–334.
-
32
Watkins WE, Cruz JR, Pollitt E, 1996. The effects of deworming on indicators of school performance in Guatemala. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :156–161.
-
33
Simeon DT, Grantham-McGregor SM, Callender JE, Wong MS, 1995. Treatment of Trichuris trichiura infections improves growth, spelling scores and school attendance in some children. J Nutr 125 :1875–1883.
-
34
Sternberg RJ, Powell C, McGrane P, Grantham-McGregor, S, 1997. Effects of a parasitic infection on cognitive functioning. J Exp Psychol: Applied 3 :67–76.
-
35
Nokes C, Grantham-McGregor SM, Sawyer AW, Cooper ES, Robinson BA, Bundy DA, 1992. Moderate to heavy infections of Trichuris trichiura affect cognitive function in Jamaican school children. Parasitology 104 :539–547.
-
36
Nokes C, Grantham-McGregor SM, Sawyer AW, Cooper ES, Bundy DA, 1992. Parasitic helminth infection and cognitive function in school children. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 247 :77–81.
-
37
Nokes C, Cooper ES, Robinson BA, Bundy DA, 1991. Geohelminth infection and academic assessment in Jamaican children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :272–273.
-
38
McGarvey ST, Wu G, Zhang S, Wang Y, Peters P, Olds GR, Wiest PM, 1993. Child growth, nutritional status, and schistosomiasis japonica in Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :547–553.
-
39
Hall A, 1985. Nutritional aspects of parasitic infection. Prog Food Nutr Sci 9 :227–256.
-
40
Blackburn HD, Rocha JL, Figueiredo EP, Berne ME, Vieira LS, Cavalcante AR, Rosa JS, 1991. Interaction of parasitism and nutrition and their effects on production and clinical parameters in goats. Vet Parasitol 40 :99–112.
-
41
Hlaing T, 1993. Ascariasis and childhood malnutrition. Parasitology 107 (Suppl):S125–S136.
-
42
Lunn PG, Northrop-Clewes CA, 1993. The impact of gastrointestinal parasites on protein-energy malnutrition in man. Proc Nutr Soc 52 :101–111.
-
43
Hagel I, Lynch NR, Di Prisco MC, Perez M, Sanchez JE, Pereyra BN, Soto de Sanabria I, 1999. Helminthic infection and anthropometric indicators in children from a tropical slum: Ascaris reinfection after anthelmintic treatment. J Trop Pediatr 45 :215–220.
-
44
Zulkifli A, Anuar AK, Atiya AS, Yano A, 2000. The prevalence of malnutrition and geo-helminth infections among primary schoolchildren in rural Kelantan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31 :339–345.
-
45
van Stuijvenberg ME, Kvalsvig JD, Faber M, Kruger M, Kenoyer DG, Benade AJ, 1999. Effect of iron-, iodine-, and beta-carotene-fortified biscuits on the micronutrient status of primary school children: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 69 :497–503.
-
46
Scrimshaw NS, 1991. Iron deficiency. Sci Am 265 :46–52.
-
47
Brown WS, Marsh JT, Wolcott D, Takushi R, Carr CR, Higa J, Nissenson AR, 1991. Cognitive function, mood and P3 latency: effects of the amelioration of anemia in dialysis patients. Neuropsychologia 29 :35–45.
-
48
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