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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Bugler DJ, 2002. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :519–529.
-
2
Gould LH, Fikrig E, 2004. West Nile virus: a growing concern? J Clin Invest 113 :1102–1107.
-
3
Nir Y, Beemer A, Goldwasser RA, 1965. West Nile virus infection in mice following exposure to a viral aerosol. Br J Exp Pathol 46 :443–449.
-
4
Odelola HA, Oduye OO, 1977. West Nile virus infection of adult mice by oral route. Arch Virol 54 :251–253.
-
5
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Neneth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–327.
-
6
Austin RJ, Whiting TL, Anderson RA, Drebot MA, 2004. An outbreak of West Nile virus-associated disease in domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) upon initial introduction to a geographic region, with evidence of bird to bird transmission. Can Vet J 45 :117–123.
-
7
Miller DL, Manel MJ, Baldwin C, Burtle G, Ingram D, Hines ME, Frazier KS, 2003. West Nile virus in farmed alligators. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :794–799.
-
8
Klenk K, Morgan K, Snow J, Bowen R, Stephens M, Foster F, Gordy P, Beckett S, Komar N, Gubler D, Bunning M, 2004. Juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) as amplifiers of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10: (in press).
-
9
Reagan RL, Yancey FS, Chang SC, Brueckner AL, 1956. Transmission of West Nile (B956 strain) and Semliki Forest virus (MBB2646-M-404744-958 strain) to suckling hamsters during lactation. J Immunol 76 :243–245.
-
10
Swayne DE, Beck JR, Smith CS, Shieh WJ, Zaki S, 2001. Fatal encephalitis and myocarditis in young domestic geese (Anser answer domesticus) caused by West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :751–753.
-
11
Xiao SY, Guzman H, Zhang H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Tesh RB, 2001. West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a model for West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :714–721.
-
12
Lanciotti RS, Ebel GD, Deubel V, Kerst AJ, Murri S, Meyer R, Bowen M, McKinney N, Morrill WE, Crabtree MB, Kramer LD, Roehrig JT, 2002. Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe and the Middle East. Virology 298 :96–105.
-
13
Tonry JH, Xiao SY, Siirin M, Chen H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Tesh RB, 2005. Persistent shedding of West Nile virus in urine of experimentally infected hamsters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :320–324.
-
14
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
15
Rosen L, Gubler DJ, 1974. The use of mosquitoes to detect and propagate dengue viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 23 :1153–1160.
-
16
Higgs S, Olsen KE, Kamrud KI, Powers AM, Beaty BJ, 1997. Viral expression systems and viral infections in insets. Crampton JM, Beard CB, Louis C, eds. Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors. London: Chapman and Hall, 459–483.
-
17
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang GL, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
18
Johnson HN, 1970. Long-term persistence of Modoc virus in hamster-kidney cells. In vivo and in vitro demonstration. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19 :537–539.
-
19
Davis JW, Hardy JL, 1974. Characterization of persistent Modoc virus infections in Syrian hamsters. Infect Immun 10 :328–334.
-
20
Kuno G, Chang GJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N, Cropp CB, 1998. Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. J Virol 72 :73–83.
-
21
Gould EA, de Lamballerie X, Zanotto PM, Holmes EC, 2003. Origins, evolution and vector/host coadaptations within the genus Flavivirus. Adv Virus Res 59 :277–314.
-
22
Kuno G, 2001. Persistence of arboviruses and antiviral antibodies in vertebrate hosts: its occurrence and impacts. Rev Med Virol 11 :165–190.
-
23
Constantine DG, Woodall DF, 1964. Latent infection of Rio Bravo virus in salivary glands of bats. Public Health Rep 79 :1033–1039.
-
24
Reid HW, Buxton D, Pow I, Finlayson J, 1984. Transmission of louping-ill virus in goat milk. Vet Rec 114 :163–165.
-
25
Woodall JP, Roy A, 1977. Experimental milk-borne transmission of Powassan virus in the goat. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :190–192.
-
26
Giesikova M, 1958. Recovery of tick-borne encephalitis virus from the blood and milk of subcutaneously infected sheep. Acta Virol 2 :113–119.
-
27
Gresikova M, Sekeyova M, Stupalova S, Necar S, 1975. Sheep milk-borne epidemic of tick-borne encephalitis in Slovakia. Intervirology 5 :57–61.
-
28
Ramakrishna C, Desai A, Shankar SK, Chandramuki A, Ravi V, 1999. Oral immunization of mice with live Japanese encephalitis virus induces a protective immune response. Vaccine 17 :3102–3108.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 634 | 589 | 45 |
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ORAL TRANSMISSION OF WEST NILE VIRUS IN A HAMSTER MODEL
ELENA SBRANA
ELENA SBRANA
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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JESSICA H. TONRY
JESSICA H. TONRY
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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SHU-YUAN XIAO
SHU-YUAN XIAO
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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AMELIA P. A. TRAVASSOS DA ROSA
AMELIA P. A. TRAVASSOS DA ROSA
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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STEPHEN HIGGS
STEPHEN HIGGS
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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ROBERT B. TESH
ROBERT B. TESH
Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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The results of experiments comparing the pathogenesis of West Nile virus (WNV) following infection by mosquito bite, needle inoculation, and ingestion are reported. Adult hamsters were readily infected by all three routes. The level and duration of viremia, clinical manifestations, pathology, and antibody response in the hamsters following mosquito infection and needle inoculation were similar; after oral infection, the onset of viremia was delayed and the mortality was lower, but the level and duration of viremia, histopathology, and antibody response were similar to the other routes. The results from this and previously published studies indicate that a wide variety of animal species are susceptible to oral infection with WNV and that orally infected animals develop a viremia and illness similar to that following the bite of infected mosquitoes. Oral infection appears to be an alternative transmission mechanism used by a number of different flaviviruses; its potential role in the natural history of WNV is discussed.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
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-
1
Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Bugler DJ, 2002. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :519–529.
-
2
Gould LH, Fikrig E, 2004. West Nile virus: a growing concern? J Clin Invest 113 :1102–1107.
-
3
Nir Y, Beemer A, Goldwasser RA, 1965. West Nile virus infection in mice following exposure to a viral aerosol. Br J Exp Pathol 46 :443–449.
-
4
Odelola HA, Oduye OO, 1977. West Nile virus infection of adult mice by oral route. Arch Virol 54 :251–253.
-
5
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Neneth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :311–327.
-
6
Austin RJ, Whiting TL, Anderson RA, Drebot MA, 2004. An outbreak of West Nile virus-associated disease in domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) upon initial introduction to a geographic region, with evidence of bird to bird transmission. Can Vet J 45 :117–123.
-
7
Miller DL, Manel MJ, Baldwin C, Burtle G, Ingram D, Hines ME, Frazier KS, 2003. West Nile virus in farmed alligators. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :794–799.
-
8
Klenk K, Morgan K, Snow J, Bowen R, Stephens M, Foster F, Gordy P, Beckett S, Komar N, Gubler D, Bunning M, 2004. Juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) as amplifiers of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10: (in press).
-
9
Reagan RL, Yancey FS, Chang SC, Brueckner AL, 1956. Transmission of West Nile (B956 strain) and Semliki Forest virus (MBB2646-M-404744-958 strain) to suckling hamsters during lactation. J Immunol 76 :243–245.
-
10
Swayne DE, Beck JR, Smith CS, Shieh WJ, Zaki S, 2001. Fatal encephalitis and myocarditis in young domestic geese (Anser answer domesticus) caused by West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :751–753.
-
11
Xiao SY, Guzman H, Zhang H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Tesh RB, 2001. West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a model for West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :714–721.
-
12
Lanciotti RS, Ebel GD, Deubel V, Kerst AJ, Murri S, Meyer R, Bowen M, McKinney N, Morrill WE, Crabtree MB, Kramer LD, Roehrig JT, 2002. Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe and the Middle East. Virology 298 :96–105.
-
13
Tonry JH, Xiao SY, Siirin M, Chen H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Tesh RB, 2005. Persistent shedding of West Nile virus in urine of experimentally infected hamsters. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :320–324.
-
14
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
15
Rosen L, Gubler DJ, 1974. The use of mosquitoes to detect and propagate dengue viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 23 :1153–1160.
-
16
Higgs S, Olsen KE, Kamrud KI, Powers AM, Beaty BJ, 1997. Viral expression systems and viral infections in insets. Crampton JM, Beard CB, Louis C, eds. Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors. London: Chapman and Hall, 459–483.
-
17
Austgen LE, Bowen RA, Bunning ML, Davis BS, Mitchell CJ, Chang GL, 2004. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :82–86.
-
18
Johnson HN, 1970. Long-term persistence of Modoc virus in hamster-kidney cells. In vivo and in vitro demonstration. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19 :537–539.
-
19
Davis JW, Hardy JL, 1974. Characterization of persistent Modoc virus infections in Syrian hamsters. Infect Immun 10 :328–334.
-
20
Kuno G, Chang GJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N, Cropp CB, 1998. Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. J Virol 72 :73–83.
-
21
Gould EA, de Lamballerie X, Zanotto PM, Holmes EC, 2003. Origins, evolution and vector/host coadaptations within the genus Flavivirus. Adv Virus Res 59 :277–314.
-
22
Kuno G, 2001. Persistence of arboviruses and antiviral antibodies in vertebrate hosts: its occurrence and impacts. Rev Med Virol 11 :165–190.
-
23
Constantine DG, Woodall DF, 1964. Latent infection of Rio Bravo virus in salivary glands of bats. Public Health Rep 79 :1033–1039.
-
24
Reid HW, Buxton D, Pow I, Finlayson J, 1984. Transmission of louping-ill virus in goat milk. Vet Rec 114 :163–165.
-
25
Woodall JP, Roy A, 1977. Experimental milk-borne transmission of Powassan virus in the goat. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :190–192.
-
26
Giesikova M, 1958. Recovery of tick-borne encephalitis virus from the blood and milk of subcutaneously infected sheep. Acta Virol 2 :113–119.
-
27
Gresikova M, Sekeyova M, Stupalova S, Necar S, 1975. Sheep milk-borne epidemic of tick-borne encephalitis in Slovakia. Intervirology 5 :57–61.
-
28
Ramakrishna C, Desai A, Shankar SK, Chandramuki A, Ravi V, 1999. Oral immunization of mice with live Japanese encephalitis virus induces a protective immune response. Vaccine 17 :3102–3108.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 634 | 589 | 45 |
| Full Text Views | 311 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 86 | 3 | 0 |