- INTRODUCTION
- POPULATIONS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS
- Study area.
- Water-bodies and water-contact sites.
- Ethical oversight.
- Field sampling methods.
- Polymerase chain reaction detection of S. haematobium-infected snails.
- Sampling strategy for PCR testing of field snails.
- Determining prepatent infection, patent infection, and mortality rates among laboratory-bred control snails.
- RESULTS
- Type of sites according to presence of snail populations.
- Size of snail populations.
- Polymerase chain reaction positivity, cercarial shedding, and viability of laboratory-bred infected snails.
- Polymerase chain reaction positivity versus cercarial shedding over time among field snails.
- Duration of prepatent infection and possible identification of estivating snails.
- Lack of a relationship between temporal variability and focality of patent infections to variability in prepatent infection rates.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
King CH, 2001. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis: determinants of transmission of infection. Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. London: Imperial College Press, 115–132.
-
2
Vercruysse J, Shaw DJ, de Bont J, 2001. Index of potential contamination for schistosomiasis. Trends Parasitol 17 :256–261.
-
3
Barbour AD, 1985. The importance of age and water contact patterns in relation to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79 :151–153.
-
4
Chandiwana SK, Woolhouse ME, 1991. Heterogeneities in water contact patterns and the epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium. Parasitology 103 :363–370.
-
5
Sturrock RF, Klumpp RK, Ouma JH, Butterworth AE, Fulford AJ, Kariuki HC, Thiongo FW, Koech D, 1994. Observations on the effects of different chemotherapy strategies on the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Machakos District, Kenya, measured by long-term snail sampling and cercariom-etry. Parasitology 109 :443–453.
-
6
Sturrock RF, Diaw OT, Talla I, Niang M, Piau JP, Capron A, 2001. Seasonality in the transmission of schistosomiasis and in populations of its snail intermediate hosts in and around a sugar irrigation scheme at Richard Toll, Senegal. Parasitology 123 (Suppl):S77–S89.
-
7
Ouma JH, Sturrock RF, Klumpp RK, Kariuki HC, 1989. A comparative evaluation of snail sampling and cercariometry to detect Schistosoma mansoni transmission in a large-scale, longitudinal field-study in Machakos, Kenya. Parasitology 99 :349–355.
-
8
Sturrock RF, 2001. The schistosomes and their intermediate hosts. Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. London: Imperial College Press, 7–83.
-
9
Anderson RM, May RM, 1979. Prevalence of schistosome infections within molluscan populations: observed patterns and theoretical predictions. Parasitology 79 :63–94.
-
10
Barbour AD, 1996. Modeling the transmission of schistosomiasis: an introductory view. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 (Suppl):135–143.
-
11
Gryseels B, 1996. Uncertainties in the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 (Suppl):103–108.
-
12
Donnelly FA, Appleton CC, Schutte CH, 1983. The influence of salinity on certain aspects of the biology of Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus. Int J Parasitol 13 :539–545.
-
13
Joubert PH, Pretorius SJ, Kruger FJ, 1991. Further studies on the susceptibility of Bulinus africanus to infection with Schistosoma haematobium. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85 :253–258.
-
14
Gracio MA, 1988. A comparative laboratory study of Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus uninfected and infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Malacol Rev 21 :123–127.
-
15
Woolhouse ME, 1989. The effect of schistosome infection on the mortality rates of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 83 :137–141.
-
16
Shiff CJ, Evans A, Yiannakis C, Eardley M, 1975. Seasonal influence on the production of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni cercariae in Rhodesia. Int J Parasitol 5 :119–123.
-
17
Woolhouse ME, Chandiwana SK, 1989. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the population dynamics of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi and in the epidemiology of their infection with schistosomes. Parasitology 98 :21–34.
-
18
Fine PE, Lehman JS Jr, 1977. Mathematical models of schistosomiasis: report of a workshop. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :500–504.
-
19
Barbour AD, 1978. Macdonald’s model and the transmission of bilharzia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72 :6–15.
-
20
Bradley DJ, May RM, 1978. Consequences of helminth aggregation for the dynamics of schistosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72 :262–273.
-
21
Sturrock RG, Karamsadkar SJ, Ouma JH, 1979. Schistosome infection rates in field snails: Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria pfeifferi from Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 73 :369–375.
-
22
Hamburger J, Weil M, Turetzky T, Ouma JH, Koech DK, Klumpp R, Siongok TK, Sturrock RF, 1989. Identification of snails infected with schistosomes by ELISA employing mono-clonal antibodies: Schistosoma mansoni in laboratory snails (Biomphalaria glabrata) and in field snails (Biomphalaria pfeifferi) from Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :613–619.
-
23
Hamburger J, Weil M, Anton M, Turetzky T, 1989. Schistosoma mansoni antigens recognized in Biomphalaria glabrata hemolymph by monoclonal antibodies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :605–612.
-
24
Hamburger J, Turetzky T, Kapeller I, Deresiewicz R, 1991. Highly repeated short DNA sequences in the genome of Schistosoma mansoni recognized by a species-specific probe. Mol Biochem Parasitol 44 :73–80.
-
25
Hamburger J, He N, Xin XY, Ramzy RM, Jourdane J, Ruppel A, 1998. A polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting snails infected with bilharzia parasites (Schistosoma mansoni) from very early prepatency. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :872–876.
-
26
Hamburger J, He N, Abbasi I, Ramzy RM, Jourdane J, Ruppel A, 2001. Polymerase chain reaction assay based on a highly repeated sequence of Schistosoma haematobium: a potential tool for monitoring schistosome-infested water. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :907–911.
-
27
Muchiri EM, Ouma JH, King CH, 1996. Dynamics and control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in Kenya: an overview of the Msambweni Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :127–134.
-
28
King CH, Lombardi G, Lombardi C, Greenblatt R, Hodder S, Kinyanjui H, Ouma J, Odiambo O, Bryan PJ, Muruka J, Magak P, Weinert D, Mackay W, Ransohoff D, Houser H, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AAF, 1988. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. I. Metrifonate versus praziquantel in control of intensity and prevalence of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :295–305.
-
29
el Kholy H, Arap Siongok TK, Koech D, Sturrock RF, Houser H, King CH, Mahmoud AA, 1989. Effects of borehole wells on water utilization in Schistosoma haematobium endemic communities in Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :212–219.
-
30
Sturrock RF, Kinyanjui H, Thiongo FW, Tosha S, Ouma JH, King CH, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AA, 1990. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. 3. Snail studies monitoring the effect of chemotherapy on transmission in the Msambweni area, Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :257–261.
-
31
Kariuki HC, Clennon JA, Brady M, Kitron U, Sturrock RF, Ouma JH, Tosha S, Ndzovhu M, Mungai P, Hamburger J, Hoffman O, Pellegrini C, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2004. Distribution patterns and cercarial shedding of Bulinus nasutus and other snails in Msambweni area, Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :449–456.
-
32
Olivier L, Schneidermann M, 1956. A method for estimating the density of aquatic snail populations. Exp Parasitol 5 :109–117.
-
33
Butterworth AE, Dalton PR, Dunne DW, Mugambi M, Ouma JH, Richardson BA, Siongok TK, Sturrock RF, 1984. Immunity after treatment of human schistosomiasis mansoni. I. Study design, pretreatment observations and the results of treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78 :108–123.
-
34
Stothard JR, Hughes S, Rollinson D, 1996. Variation within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA genes of intermediate snail hosts within the genus Bulinus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Acta Trop 61 :19–29.
-
35
Browne HG, Thomas JI, 1963. A method for isolating pure, viable schistosome eggs from host tissues. J Parasitol 49 :371–374.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 310 | 266 | 39 |
| Full Text Views | 507 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 115 | 4 | 1 |
LARGE-SCALE, POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION–BASED SURVEILLANCE OF SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM DNA IN SNAILS FROM TRANSMISSION SITES IN COASTAL KENYA: A NEW TOOL FOR STUDYING THE DYNAMICS OF SNAIL INFECTION
JOSEPH HAMBURGER
JOSEPH HAMBURGER
Kuvin Center, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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ORIT HOFFMAN
ORIT HOFFMAN
Kuvin Center, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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H. CURTIS KARIUKI
H. CURTIS KARIUKI
Kuvin Center, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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ERIC M. MUCHIRI
ERIC M. MUCHIRI
Kuvin Center, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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JOHN H. OUMA
JOHN H. OUMA
Kuvin Center, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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DAVY K. KOECH
DAVY K. KOECH
Kuvin Center, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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ROBERT F. STURROCK
ROBERT F. STURROCK
Kuvin Center, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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CHARLES H. KING
CHARLES H. KING
Kuvin Center, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Levels of prepatent Schistosoma haematobium infection were monitored in intermediate host snails (Bulinus nasutus) collected from transmission sites in coastal Kenya, using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay amplifying the Dra I repeated sequence of S. haematobium. The timing and number of prepatent and patent infections were determined for each site and, where the time of first appearance was clear, the minimal prepatent period was estimated to be five weeks. High, persistent, prepatency rates (range = 28–54%), indicated a significant degree of repeated area contamination with parasite ova. In contrast, rates of cercarial shedding proved locally variable, and were either low (range = 0.14–3.4%) or altogether absent, indicating that only a small proportion of infected snails reach the stage of cercarial shedding. Given the apparently strong focal effects of environmental conditions, implications of these new data are discussed regarding the estimation of local force of transmission and the design of control activities.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- POPULATIONS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS
- Study area.
- Water-bodies and water-contact sites.
- Ethical oversight.
- Field sampling methods.
- Polymerase chain reaction detection of S. haematobium-infected snails.
- Sampling strategy for PCR testing of field snails.
- Determining prepatent infection, patent infection, and mortality rates among laboratory-bred control snails.
- RESULTS
- Type of sites according to presence of snail populations.
- Size of snail populations.
- Polymerase chain reaction positivity, cercarial shedding, and viability of laboratory-bred infected snails.
- Polymerase chain reaction positivity versus cercarial shedding over time among field snails.
- Duration of prepatent infection and possible identification of estivating snails.
- Lack of a relationship between temporal variability and focality of patent infections to variability in prepatent infection rates.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
King CH, 2001. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis: determinants of transmission of infection. Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. London: Imperial College Press, 115–132.
-
2
Vercruysse J, Shaw DJ, de Bont J, 2001. Index of potential contamination for schistosomiasis. Trends Parasitol 17 :256–261.
-
3
Barbour AD, 1985. The importance of age and water contact patterns in relation to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79 :151–153.
-
4
Chandiwana SK, Woolhouse ME, 1991. Heterogeneities in water contact patterns and the epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium. Parasitology 103 :363–370.
-
5
Sturrock RF, Klumpp RK, Ouma JH, Butterworth AE, Fulford AJ, Kariuki HC, Thiongo FW, Koech D, 1994. Observations on the effects of different chemotherapy strategies on the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Machakos District, Kenya, measured by long-term snail sampling and cercariom-etry. Parasitology 109 :443–453.
-
6
Sturrock RF, Diaw OT, Talla I, Niang M, Piau JP, Capron A, 2001. Seasonality in the transmission of schistosomiasis and in populations of its snail intermediate hosts in and around a sugar irrigation scheme at Richard Toll, Senegal. Parasitology 123 (Suppl):S77–S89.
-
7
Ouma JH, Sturrock RF, Klumpp RK, Kariuki HC, 1989. A comparative evaluation of snail sampling and cercariometry to detect Schistosoma mansoni transmission in a large-scale, longitudinal field-study in Machakos, Kenya. Parasitology 99 :349–355.
-
8
Sturrock RF, 2001. The schistosomes and their intermediate hosts. Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. London: Imperial College Press, 7–83.
-
9
Anderson RM, May RM, 1979. Prevalence of schistosome infections within molluscan populations: observed patterns and theoretical predictions. Parasitology 79 :63–94.
-
10
Barbour AD, 1996. Modeling the transmission of schistosomiasis: an introductory view. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 (Suppl):135–143.
-
11
Gryseels B, 1996. Uncertainties in the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 (Suppl):103–108.
-
12
Donnelly FA, Appleton CC, Schutte CH, 1983. The influence of salinity on certain aspects of the biology of Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus. Int J Parasitol 13 :539–545.
-
13
Joubert PH, Pretorius SJ, Kruger FJ, 1991. Further studies on the susceptibility of Bulinus africanus to infection with Schistosoma haematobium. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85 :253–258.
-
14
Gracio MA, 1988. A comparative laboratory study of Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus uninfected and infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Malacol Rev 21 :123–127.
-
15
Woolhouse ME, 1989. The effect of schistosome infection on the mortality rates of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 83 :137–141.
-
16
Shiff CJ, Evans A, Yiannakis C, Eardley M, 1975. Seasonal influence on the production of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni cercariae in Rhodesia. Int J Parasitol 5 :119–123.
-
17
Woolhouse ME, Chandiwana SK, 1989. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the population dynamics of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi and in the epidemiology of their infection with schistosomes. Parasitology 98 :21–34.
-
18
Fine PE, Lehman JS Jr, 1977. Mathematical models of schistosomiasis: report of a workshop. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :500–504.
-
19
Barbour AD, 1978. Macdonald’s model and the transmission of bilharzia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72 :6–15.
-
20
Bradley DJ, May RM, 1978. Consequences of helminth aggregation for the dynamics of schistosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72 :262–273.
-
21
Sturrock RG, Karamsadkar SJ, Ouma JH, 1979. Schistosome infection rates in field snails: Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria pfeifferi from Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 73 :369–375.
-
22
Hamburger J, Weil M, Turetzky T, Ouma JH, Koech DK, Klumpp R, Siongok TK, Sturrock RF, 1989. Identification of snails infected with schistosomes by ELISA employing mono-clonal antibodies: Schistosoma mansoni in laboratory snails (Biomphalaria glabrata) and in field snails (Biomphalaria pfeifferi) from Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :613–619.
-
23
Hamburger J, Weil M, Anton M, Turetzky T, 1989. Schistosoma mansoni antigens recognized in Biomphalaria glabrata hemolymph by monoclonal antibodies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :605–612.
-
24
Hamburger J, Turetzky T, Kapeller I, Deresiewicz R, 1991. Highly repeated short DNA sequences in the genome of Schistosoma mansoni recognized by a species-specific probe. Mol Biochem Parasitol 44 :73–80.
-
25
Hamburger J, He N, Xin XY, Ramzy RM, Jourdane J, Ruppel A, 1998. A polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting snails infected with bilharzia parasites (Schistosoma mansoni) from very early prepatency. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :872–876.
-
26
Hamburger J, He N, Abbasi I, Ramzy RM, Jourdane J, Ruppel A, 2001. Polymerase chain reaction assay based on a highly repeated sequence of Schistosoma haematobium: a potential tool for monitoring schistosome-infested water. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :907–911.
-
27
Muchiri EM, Ouma JH, King CH, 1996. Dynamics and control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in Kenya: an overview of the Msambweni Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :127–134.
-
28
King CH, Lombardi G, Lombardi C, Greenblatt R, Hodder S, Kinyanjui H, Ouma J, Odiambo O, Bryan PJ, Muruka J, Magak P, Weinert D, Mackay W, Ransohoff D, Houser H, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AAF, 1988. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. I. Metrifonate versus praziquantel in control of intensity and prevalence of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 :295–305.
-
29
el Kholy H, Arap Siongok TK, Koech D, Sturrock RF, Houser H, King CH, Mahmoud AA, 1989. Effects of borehole wells on water utilization in Schistosoma haematobium endemic communities in Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :212–219.
-
30
Sturrock RF, Kinyanjui H, Thiongo FW, Tosha S, Ouma JH, King CH, Koech D, Siongok TK, Mahmoud AA, 1990. Chemotherapy-based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. 3. Snail studies monitoring the effect of chemotherapy on transmission in the Msambweni area, Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :257–261.
-
31
Kariuki HC, Clennon JA, Brady M, Kitron U, Sturrock RF, Ouma JH, Tosha S, Ndzovhu M, Mungai P, Hamburger J, Hoffman O, Pellegrini C, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2004. Distribution patterns and cercarial shedding of Bulinus nasutus and other snails in Msambweni area, Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :449–456.
-
32
Olivier L, Schneidermann M, 1956. A method for estimating the density of aquatic snail populations. Exp Parasitol 5 :109–117.
-
33
Butterworth AE, Dalton PR, Dunne DW, Mugambi M, Ouma JH, Richardson BA, Siongok TK, Sturrock RF, 1984. Immunity after treatment of human schistosomiasis mansoni. I. Study design, pretreatment observations and the results of treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78 :108–123.
-
34
Stothard JR, Hughes S, Rollinson D, 1996. Variation within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA genes of intermediate snail hosts within the genus Bulinus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Acta Trop 61 :19–29.
-
35
Browne HG, Thomas JI, 1963. A method for isolating pure, viable schistosome eggs from host tissues. J Parasitol 49 :371–374.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 310 | 266 | 39 |
| Full Text Views | 507 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 115 | 4 | 1 |