ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
de Maeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M, 1985. The prevalence of anemia in the world. World Health Stat Q 38 :302–316.
-
2
Schellenberg D, Schellenberg JR, Mushi A, de Savigny D, Mgalula L, Mbuya C, Victora CG, 2003. The silent burden of anaemia in Tanzanian children: a community-based study. Bull World Health Organ 81 :581–590.
-
3
Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Hirt R, Vounatsou P, Aponte J, Font F, Acosta C, Schellenberg D, Galindo C, Kimario J, Urassa H, Brabin B, Smith T, Kitua A, Tanner M, Alonso P, 1997. Randomised placebo controlled trial of iron supplementation and malaria chemoprophylaxis for prevention of severe anaemia and malaria in Tanzanian infants. Lancet 350 :844–850.
-
4
Bojang KA, Palmer A, Hensbroek MB, Banya WA, Greenwood BM, 1997. Management of severe malarial anemia in Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 91 :557–561.
-
5
Smith AW, Hendrickse RG, Harrison C, Hayes RJ, Greenwood BM, 1989. The effects on malaria of treatment of iron-deficiency anemia with oral iron in Gambian children. Ann Trop Paediatr 9 :17–23.
-
6
Desai MR, Mei JV, Kariuki SK, Wannemuehler KA, Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kager PA, Vulule JM, ter Kuile FO, 2003. Randomized, controlled trial of daily iron supplementation and intermittent sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of mild childhood anemia in western Kenya. J Infect Dis. 187 :658–666.
-
7
Gascon J, Vargas M, Schellenberg D, Urassa H, Casals C, Kahigwa E, Aponte J, Mshinda H, Vila J, 2000. Diarrhea in children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania: a case control study. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4459–4462.
-
8
Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ, 1999. Thalassemia and malaria: new insights into an old problem. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 111 :278–282.
-
9
Pippard MJ, 1987. Iron deficiency and overload. Weatherall D, Ledingham J, Warrell D, eds. Oxford Textbook of Medicine. Second edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 86.
-
10
WHO/CAH, UNICEF, 2000. Handbook Integrated Management of Childhood Illness.Geneva: World Health Organization. 50 and 131.
-
11
Lacritz E, Campbell C, Ruebush T, Hightower A, Wakube W, Steketee R, Were J, 1992. Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 340 :524–528.
-
12
English M, Ahmed M, Ngando C, Berkley J, Ross A, 2002. Blood transfusion for severe anemia in children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 359 :494–495.
-
13
Harvey PW, Heywood PF, Nesheim MC, Galme K, Zegans M, Habicht JP, Stephenson LS, Radimer KL, Brabin B, Forsyth K, 1989. The effect of iron therapy on malarial infection in Papua New Guinean schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :12–18.
-
14
Berger J, Dyck JL, Galan P, Aplogan A, Schneider D, Traissac P, Hercberg S, 2000. Effect of daily iron supplementation on iron status, cell-mediated immunity, and incidence of infections in 6–36 month old Togolese children. Eur J Clin Nutr 54 :29–35.
-
15
Verhoef H, West CE, Nzyuko SM, de Vogel S, van der Valk R, Wanga MA, Kuijsten A, Veenemans J, Kok FJ, 2002. Intermittent administration of iron and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine to control anaemia in Kenyan children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360 :908–914.
-
16
Murray MJ, Murray AB, Murray MB, Murray CJ, 1978. The adverse effect of iron repletion on the course of certain infections. BMJ 2 :1113–1115.
-
17
Oppenheimer SJ, Gibson FD, Macfarlane SB, Moody JB, Harrison C, Spencer A, Bunari O, 1986. Iron supplementation increases prevalence and effects of malaria: report on clinical studies in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 :603–612.
-
18
Schellenberg D, Aponte JJ, Kahigwa E, Mshinda H, Tanner M, Menendez C, Alonso PL, 2004. The incidence in children of clinical malaria detected by active case detection in Ifakara, southern Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :387–394.
-
19
Schellenberg D, Kahigwa E, Drakeley C, Malende A, Wigayi J, Msokame C, Aponte JJ, Tanner M, Mshinda H, Menendez C, Alonso PL, 2002. The safety and efficacy of sufadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine, and their combination in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :17–23.
-
20
Schellenberg D, Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Aponte J, Vidal J, Tanner M, Mshinda H, Alonso P, 2001. Intermittent treatment for malaria and anaemia control at time of routine vaccinations in Tanzanian infants: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 357 :1471–1477.
-
21
van den Hombergh J, Dalderop E, Smit Y, 1996. Does iron therapy benefit children with severe malaria-associated anemia? A clinical trial with 12 weeks supplementation of oral iron in young children from Turiani Division, Tanzania. J Trop Pediatr 42 :220–227.
-
22
Ayatse J, Ekanem E, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum malaria: its effects on some haematological parameters in normal and sickle cell Nigerian children. Trop Med Parasitol 45 :219–222.
-
23
Das BS, Thurnam D, Das DB, 1997. Influence of malaria on markers of iron status in children: implications for interpreting iron status in malaria-endemic communities. Br J Nutr 78 :751–760.
-
24
Menendez C, Quinto LL, Kahigwa E, Alvarez L, Ferbnandez R, Gimenez N, Schellenberg D, Aponte JJ, Tanner M, Alosno P, 2001. Effect of malaria on soluble transferrin receptor levels in Tanzanian infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :138–142.
-
25
Reynolds J, 1996. Iron. J Reynolds, ed. Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia. Thirty-first edition. Royal Pharmaceutical Society, London, 1366–1367.
-
26
Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Antwi K, Yeung G, 2001. Treatment of anemia with microencapsulated ferrous sulfate plus ascorbic acid supplied as sprinkles to complementary (weaning) foods. Am J Clin Nutr 74 :791–795.
-
27
Ekstrom E-C, Kavishe F, Habicht J-P, Frongillo E, Rasmussen K, Hemed L, 1996. Adherence to iron supplementation during pregnancy in Tanzania; determinants and hematologic consequences. Am J Clin Nutr 64 :368–374.
-
28
Allen S, Snow R, Menon A, Greenwood B, 1990. Compliance with malaria chemoprophylaxis over a five-year period among children in a rural area of The Gambia. J Trop Med Hyg 93 :313–322.
-
29
Massawe S, Urassa E, Lindmark G, Nystrom L, 1995. Anemia in pregnancy; perceptions of patients in Dar es Salaam. East Afr Med J 72 :498–503.
-
30
Ansah E, Gyapong J, Agyepong I, Evans D, 2001. Improving adherence to malaria treatment for children: the use of pre-packed chloroquine tablets vs. chloroquine syrup. Trop Med Int Health 6 :496–504.
-
31
Okonkwo P, Akpala C, Okafor H, Mbah A, Nwaiwu O, 2001. Compliance to correct dose of chloroquine in uncomplicated malaria correlates with improvement in the condition of rural Nigerian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med 95 :320–324.
-
32
Djimde A, Plowe C, Diop S, Dicko A, Wellems T, Doumbo O, 1998. Use of antimalarial drugs in Mali; policy versus reality. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :376–379.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 80 | 43 | 2 |
| Full Text Views | 247 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 44 | 4 | 1 |
A RANDOMIZED COMPARISON OF TWO ANEMIA TREATMENT REGIMENS IN TANZANIAN CHILDREN
DAVID SCHELLENBERG
DAVID SCHELLENBERG
Centre for International Health, Institut d’Investigacions Biomedicas August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel, Barcelona, Spain; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania
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ELIZEUS KAHIGWA
ELIZEUS KAHIGWA
Centre for International Health, Institut d’Investigacions Biomedicas August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel, Barcelona, Spain; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania
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SERGI SANZ
SERGI SANZ
Centre for International Health, Institut d’Investigacions Biomedicas August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel, Barcelona, Spain; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania
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JOHN J. APONTE
JOHN J. APONTE
Centre for International Health, Institut d’Investigacions Biomedicas August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel, Barcelona, Spain; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania
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HASSAN MSHINDA
HASSAN MSHINDA
Centre for International Health, Institut d’Investigacions Biomedicas August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel, Barcelona, Spain; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania
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PEDRO ALONSO
PEDRO ALONSO
Centre for International Health, Institut d’Investigacions Biomedicas August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel, Barcelona, Spain; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania
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CLARA MENENDEZ
CLARA MENENDEZ
Centre for International Health, Institut d’Investigacions Biomedicas August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel, Barcelona, Spain; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania
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We used a prospective, open-label randomized trial to evaluate two treatment regimens in Tanzanian children two months to four years of age presenting to a hospital with a packed cell volume (PCV) < 25%. Treatment was either standard (14 days of ferrous sulfate and an antimalarial) or extended (three months of ferrous sulfate and three antimalarial treatments). The prevalence of anemia was measured two weeks after completion of treatment and six months after recruitment. Two weeks after completing treatment, the prevalence of PCV < 33% was 58% in the standard treatment arm and 44% in the extended treatment group (P = 0.04), and the mean PCV was significantly higher in the extended treatment arm (32.1%, SD = 4.5% versus 30.8%, SD = 4.9%; P = 0.031). However, there was no difference in the prevalence of PCV < 25% in the first survey, and the benefits of extended therapy were only apparent six months after recruitment in children compliant with the extended treatment (odds ratio of PCV < 25% = 0.16, P = 0.06). Compliance was satisfactory in only 39% (82 of 209) of the children in the first week of treatment. Extending the duration of therapy and improving compliance may have health benefits for anemic children in malaria-endemic settings.
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-
1
de Maeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M, 1985. The prevalence of anemia in the world. World Health Stat Q 38 :302–316.
-
2
Schellenberg D, Schellenberg JR, Mushi A, de Savigny D, Mgalula L, Mbuya C, Victora CG, 2003. The silent burden of anaemia in Tanzanian children: a community-based study. Bull World Health Organ 81 :581–590.
-
3
Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Hirt R, Vounatsou P, Aponte J, Font F, Acosta C, Schellenberg D, Galindo C, Kimario J, Urassa H, Brabin B, Smith T, Kitua A, Tanner M, Alonso P, 1997. Randomised placebo controlled trial of iron supplementation and malaria chemoprophylaxis for prevention of severe anaemia and malaria in Tanzanian infants. Lancet 350 :844–850.
-
4
Bojang KA, Palmer A, Hensbroek MB, Banya WA, Greenwood BM, 1997. Management of severe malarial anemia in Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 91 :557–561.
-
5
Smith AW, Hendrickse RG, Harrison C, Hayes RJ, Greenwood BM, 1989. The effects on malaria of treatment of iron-deficiency anemia with oral iron in Gambian children. Ann Trop Paediatr 9 :17–23.
-
6
Desai MR, Mei JV, Kariuki SK, Wannemuehler KA, Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kager PA, Vulule JM, ter Kuile FO, 2003. Randomized, controlled trial of daily iron supplementation and intermittent sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of mild childhood anemia in western Kenya. J Infect Dis. 187 :658–666.
-
7
Gascon J, Vargas M, Schellenberg D, Urassa H, Casals C, Kahigwa E, Aponte J, Mshinda H, Vila J, 2000. Diarrhea in children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania: a case control study. J Clin Microbiol 38 :4459–4462.
-
8
Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ, 1999. Thalassemia and malaria: new insights into an old problem. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 111 :278–282.
-
9
Pippard MJ, 1987. Iron deficiency and overload. Weatherall D, Ledingham J, Warrell D, eds. Oxford Textbook of Medicine. Second edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 86.
-
10
WHO/CAH, UNICEF, 2000. Handbook Integrated Management of Childhood Illness.Geneva: World Health Organization. 50 and 131.
-
11
Lacritz E, Campbell C, Ruebush T, Hightower A, Wakube W, Steketee R, Were J, 1992. Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 340 :524–528.
-
12
English M, Ahmed M, Ngando C, Berkley J, Ross A, 2002. Blood transfusion for severe anemia in children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 359 :494–495.
-
13
Harvey PW, Heywood PF, Nesheim MC, Galme K, Zegans M, Habicht JP, Stephenson LS, Radimer KL, Brabin B, Forsyth K, 1989. The effect of iron therapy on malarial infection in Papua New Guinean schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :12–18.
-
14
Berger J, Dyck JL, Galan P, Aplogan A, Schneider D, Traissac P, Hercberg S, 2000. Effect of daily iron supplementation on iron status, cell-mediated immunity, and incidence of infections in 6–36 month old Togolese children. Eur J Clin Nutr 54 :29–35.
-
15
Verhoef H, West CE, Nzyuko SM, de Vogel S, van der Valk R, Wanga MA, Kuijsten A, Veenemans J, Kok FJ, 2002. Intermittent administration of iron and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine to control anaemia in Kenyan children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360 :908–914.
-
16
Murray MJ, Murray AB, Murray MB, Murray CJ, 1978. The adverse effect of iron repletion on the course of certain infections. BMJ 2 :1113–1115.
-
17
Oppenheimer SJ, Gibson FD, Macfarlane SB, Moody JB, Harrison C, Spencer A, Bunari O, 1986. Iron supplementation increases prevalence and effects of malaria: report on clinical studies in Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 :603–612.
-
18
Schellenberg D, Aponte JJ, Kahigwa E, Mshinda H, Tanner M, Menendez C, Alonso PL, 2004. The incidence in children of clinical malaria detected by active case detection in Ifakara, southern Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :387–394.
-
19
Schellenberg D, Kahigwa E, Drakeley C, Malende A, Wigayi J, Msokame C, Aponte JJ, Tanner M, Mshinda H, Menendez C, Alonso PL, 2002. The safety and efficacy of sufadoxine-pyrimethamine, amodiaquine, and their combination in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :17–23.
-
20
Schellenberg D, Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Aponte J, Vidal J, Tanner M, Mshinda H, Alonso P, 2001. Intermittent treatment for malaria and anaemia control at time of routine vaccinations in Tanzanian infants: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 357 :1471–1477.
-
21
van den Hombergh J, Dalderop E, Smit Y, 1996. Does iron therapy benefit children with severe malaria-associated anemia? A clinical trial with 12 weeks supplementation of oral iron in young children from Turiani Division, Tanzania. J Trop Pediatr 42 :220–227.
-
22
Ayatse J, Ekanem E, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum malaria: its effects on some haematological parameters in normal and sickle cell Nigerian children. Trop Med Parasitol 45 :219–222.
-
23
Das BS, Thurnam D, Das DB, 1997. Influence of malaria on markers of iron status in children: implications for interpreting iron status in malaria-endemic communities. Br J Nutr 78 :751–760.
-
24
Menendez C, Quinto LL, Kahigwa E, Alvarez L, Ferbnandez R, Gimenez N, Schellenberg D, Aponte JJ, Tanner M, Alosno P, 2001. Effect of malaria on soluble transferrin receptor levels in Tanzanian infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :138–142.
-
25
Reynolds J, 1996. Iron. J Reynolds, ed. Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia. Thirty-first edition. Royal Pharmaceutical Society, London, 1366–1367.
-
26
Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Antwi K, Yeung G, 2001. Treatment of anemia with microencapsulated ferrous sulfate plus ascorbic acid supplied as sprinkles to complementary (weaning) foods. Am J Clin Nutr 74 :791–795.
-
27
Ekstrom E-C, Kavishe F, Habicht J-P, Frongillo E, Rasmussen K, Hemed L, 1996. Adherence to iron supplementation during pregnancy in Tanzania; determinants and hematologic consequences. Am J Clin Nutr 64 :368–374.
-
28
Allen S, Snow R, Menon A, Greenwood B, 1990. Compliance with malaria chemoprophylaxis over a five-year period among children in a rural area of The Gambia. J Trop Med Hyg 93 :313–322.
-
29
Massawe S, Urassa E, Lindmark G, Nystrom L, 1995. Anemia in pregnancy; perceptions of patients in Dar es Salaam. East Afr Med J 72 :498–503.
-
30
Ansah E, Gyapong J, Agyepong I, Evans D, 2001. Improving adherence to malaria treatment for children: the use of pre-packed chloroquine tablets vs. chloroquine syrup. Trop Med Int Health 6 :496–504.
-
31
Okonkwo P, Akpala C, Okafor H, Mbah A, Nwaiwu O, 2001. Compliance to correct dose of chloroquine in uncomplicated malaria correlates with improvement in the condition of rural Nigerian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med 95 :320–324.
-
32
Djimde A, Plowe C, Diop S, Dicko A, Wellems T, Doumbo O, 1998. Use of antimalarial drugs in Mali; policy versus reality. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :376–379.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 80 | 43 | 2 |
| Full Text Views | 247 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 44 | 4 | 1 |