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-
1
Ndip LM, Bouyer DH, Travassos da Rosa APA, Titanji VPK, Tesh RB, Walker DH, 2004. Acute spotted fever rickettsiosis among febrile patients, Cameroon. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :432–437.
-
2
Kelly PJ, Mason PR, 1991. Transmission of spotted fever group rickettsia by Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari:Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 28 :598–600.
-
3
Kelly P, Mathewman L, Beati L, 1992. African tick-bite fever: a new spotted fever group rickettsiosis under an old name. Lancet 340 :982–983.
-
4
Dupont HT, Cornet JP, Raoult D, 1994. Identification of rickettsiae from ticks collected in the Central African Republic using the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :373–380.
-
5
Beati L, Kelly PJ, Mathewman LA, Mason PR, Raoult D, 1995. Prevalence of rickettsia-like organisms and spotted fever group rickettsia in ticks (Acari : Ixodidae) from Zimbabwe. J Med Entomol 32 :787–792.
-
6
Kelly PJ, Beati L, Mason PR, Mathewman LA, Roux V, Raoult D, 1996. Rickettsia africae sp. nov., the aetiological agent of African tick-bite fever. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46 :611–614.
-
7
Macaluso KR, Davis J, Alam U, Korman A, Rutherford JS, Rosenberg R, Azad A, 2003. Spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from the Masai Mara Region of Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :551–553.
-
8
Estrada-Pena A, Jongejan F, 1999. Ticks feeding on humans: a review of records on human-biting ixodoidea with special reference to pathogen transmission. Exp App Acarol 23 :685–715.
-
9
Beninati T, Lo N, Noda H, Esposito F, Rizzoli A, Favia G, Genchi C, 2002. First detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae in Ixodes ricinus from Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :983–986.
-
10
Parola P, Inokuma H, Camcas JL, Brouqui P, Raoult D, 2001. Detection and identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae and ehrlichiae in African ticks. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :1014–1017.
-
11
Gonzales JP, Fiset P, George AJ, Saluzzo JR, Wisseman JR, 1985. Approche sèrologique sur l’incidence des rickettsioses en République Centrafricaine. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 78 :153–156.
-
12
Dupont HT, Brouqui P, Faugere B, Raoult D, 1995. Prevalence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia conorii, and Rickettsia typhi in seven African countries. Clin Infect Dis 21 :1126–1133.
-
13
Raoult D, Fournier PE, Fenollar F, Jensensius M, Prioe T, De Pina J, Caruso G, Jones N, Laferl H, Rosenblatt JE, Marrie TJ, 2001. Rickettsia africae, a tick-borne pathogen in travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med 334 :1504–1510.
-
14
Kimura M, Fujii T, Iwamoto A, 1998. Two cases of spotted fever group rickettsiosis contracted in southern parts of Africa. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 72 :1311–1316.
-
15
Jensensius M, Hassle G, Henriksen AZ, Vene S, Raoult D, Bruu AL, Myrvang B, 1999. African tick-bite fever imported into Norway: presentation of 8 cases. Scand J Infect Dis 31 :131–133.
-
16
Caruso G, Zasio C, Guzzo F, Granta C, Mondardini V, Guerra E, Macri E, Benedetti P, 2002. Outbreak of African tick-bite fever in six Italian tourists returning from South Africa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21 :133–136.
-
17
Jensensius M, Fournier PE, Vene S, Hoel T, Hassle G, Henriksen AZ, Hellum KB, Raoult D, Myrvang B, and the Norwegian African Tick Bite Fever Study Group, 2003. African tick bite fever in travelers to rural sub-equatorial Africa. Clin Infect Dis 36 :1411–1417.
-
18
Walker AR, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Estrada-Pena A, Horak IG, Latif AA, Pegram RG, Preston PM, 2003. Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa; A Guide to Identification of Species. Atalanta Houten, The Netherlands: Biosciences Reports.
-
19
Labruna MB, Whitworth T, Horta MC, Bouyer DH, McBride JW, Pinter A, Popov V, Gennari SM, Walker DH, 2004. Rickettsia species infecting Amblyomma cooperi ticks from an area in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where Brazilian spotted fever is endemic. J Clin Microbiol 42 :90–98.
-
20
Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis BD, 1991. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol 173 :1576–1589.
-
21
Fournier PE, Jensenius M, Laferl H, Vene S, Raoult D, 2002. Kinetics of antibody responses in Rickettsia africae and Rickettsia conorii infections. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :324–328.
-
22
Smoak BL, McClain JB, Brundage JF, Broadhurst L, Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, Miller RN, 1996. An outbreak of spotted fever rickettsioses in U.S. Army troops deployed to Botswana. Emerg Infect Dis 2 :217–221.
-
23
Niebylski ML, Peacock MG, Schwan TG, 1999. Lethal effects of Rickettsia rickettsii on its tick vector (Dermacentor andersoni). Appl Environ Microbiol 65 :773–778.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 452 | 415 | 58 |
| Full Text Views | 317 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 116 | 3 | 1 |
DETECTION OF RICKETTSIA AFRICAE IN PATIENTS AND TICKS ALONG THE COASTAL REGION OF CAMEROON
LUCY M. NDIP
LUCY M. NDIP
Department of Life Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, South West Province, Cameroon; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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ERIC B. FOKAM
ERIC B. FOKAM
Department of Life Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, South West Province, Cameroon; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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DONALD H. BOUYER
DONALD H. BOUYER
Department of Life Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, South West Province, Cameroon; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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ROLAND N. NDIP
ROLAND N. NDIP
Department of Life Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, South West Province, Cameroon; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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VINCENT P. K. TITANJI
VINCENT P. K. TITANJI
Department of Life Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, South West Province, Cameroon; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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DAVID H. WALKER
DAVID H. WALKER
Department of Life Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, South West Province, Cameroon; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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JERE W. MCBRIDE
JERE W. MCBRIDE
Department of Life Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, South West Province, Cameroon; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Rickettsia africae was identified in seven (6%) of 118 patients with acute fevers of unknown etiology proven not to be malaria or typhoid fever from clinics along the coastal region of Cameroon by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of the citrate synthase (gltA) and outer membrane protein A (ompA) genes of Rickettsia. The majority (71%) of the patients were female. Clinical manifestations included fever (100%), headache (71%), myalgia (71%), arthralgia (43%), pulmonary involvement (29%), and diffuse rash (14%). Moreover, R. africae was detected by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the gltA and ompA genes in 62 (75%) of 83 adult Amblyomma variegatum ticks collected from cattle in the same region. These results confirm the presence of a previously unrecognized infectious disease in the indigenous Cameroonian population, as well as extend the established range of R. africae.
Author Notes
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-
1
Ndip LM, Bouyer DH, Travassos da Rosa APA, Titanji VPK, Tesh RB, Walker DH, 2004. Acute spotted fever rickettsiosis among febrile patients, Cameroon. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :432–437.
-
2
Kelly PJ, Mason PR, 1991. Transmission of spotted fever group rickettsia by Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari:Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 28 :598–600.
-
3
Kelly P, Mathewman L, Beati L, 1992. African tick-bite fever: a new spotted fever group rickettsiosis under an old name. Lancet 340 :982–983.
-
4
Dupont HT, Cornet JP, Raoult D, 1994. Identification of rickettsiae from ticks collected in the Central African Republic using the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :373–380.
-
5
Beati L, Kelly PJ, Mathewman LA, Mason PR, Raoult D, 1995. Prevalence of rickettsia-like organisms and spotted fever group rickettsia in ticks (Acari : Ixodidae) from Zimbabwe. J Med Entomol 32 :787–792.
-
6
Kelly PJ, Beati L, Mason PR, Mathewman LA, Roux V, Raoult D, 1996. Rickettsia africae sp. nov., the aetiological agent of African tick-bite fever. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46 :611–614.
-
7
Macaluso KR, Davis J, Alam U, Korman A, Rutherford JS, Rosenberg R, Azad A, 2003. Spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from the Masai Mara Region of Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :551–553.
-
8
Estrada-Pena A, Jongejan F, 1999. Ticks feeding on humans: a review of records on human-biting ixodoidea with special reference to pathogen transmission. Exp App Acarol 23 :685–715.
-
9
Beninati T, Lo N, Noda H, Esposito F, Rizzoli A, Favia G, Genchi C, 2002. First detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae in Ixodes ricinus from Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :983–986.
-
10
Parola P, Inokuma H, Camcas JL, Brouqui P, Raoult D, 2001. Detection and identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae and ehrlichiae in African ticks. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :1014–1017.
-
11
Gonzales JP, Fiset P, George AJ, Saluzzo JR, Wisseman JR, 1985. Approche sèrologique sur l’incidence des rickettsioses en République Centrafricaine. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 78 :153–156.
-
12
Dupont HT, Brouqui P, Faugere B, Raoult D, 1995. Prevalence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia conorii, and Rickettsia typhi in seven African countries. Clin Infect Dis 21 :1126–1133.
-
13
Raoult D, Fournier PE, Fenollar F, Jensensius M, Prioe T, De Pina J, Caruso G, Jones N, Laferl H, Rosenblatt JE, Marrie TJ, 2001. Rickettsia africae, a tick-borne pathogen in travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med 334 :1504–1510.
-
14
Kimura M, Fujii T, Iwamoto A, 1998. Two cases of spotted fever group rickettsiosis contracted in southern parts of Africa. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 72 :1311–1316.
-
15
Jensensius M, Hassle G, Henriksen AZ, Vene S, Raoult D, Bruu AL, Myrvang B, 1999. African tick-bite fever imported into Norway: presentation of 8 cases. Scand J Infect Dis 31 :131–133.
-
16
Caruso G, Zasio C, Guzzo F, Granta C, Mondardini V, Guerra E, Macri E, Benedetti P, 2002. Outbreak of African tick-bite fever in six Italian tourists returning from South Africa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21 :133–136.
-
17
Jensensius M, Fournier PE, Vene S, Hoel T, Hassle G, Henriksen AZ, Hellum KB, Raoult D, Myrvang B, and the Norwegian African Tick Bite Fever Study Group, 2003. African tick bite fever in travelers to rural sub-equatorial Africa. Clin Infect Dis 36 :1411–1417.
-
18
Walker AR, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Estrada-Pena A, Horak IG, Latif AA, Pegram RG, Preston PM, 2003. Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa; A Guide to Identification of Species. Atalanta Houten, The Netherlands: Biosciences Reports.
-
19
Labruna MB, Whitworth T, Horta MC, Bouyer DH, McBride JW, Pinter A, Popov V, Gennari SM, Walker DH, 2004. Rickettsia species infecting Amblyomma cooperi ticks from an area in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where Brazilian spotted fever is endemic. J Clin Microbiol 42 :90–98.
-
20
Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis BD, 1991. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol 173 :1576–1589.
-
21
Fournier PE, Jensenius M, Laferl H, Vene S, Raoult D, 2002. Kinetics of antibody responses in Rickettsia africae and Rickettsia conorii infections. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :324–328.
-
22
Smoak BL, McClain JB, Brundage JF, Broadhurst L, Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, Miller RN, 1996. An outbreak of spotted fever rickettsioses in U.S. Army troops deployed to Botswana. Emerg Infect Dis 2 :217–221.
-
23
Niebylski ML, Peacock MG, Schwan TG, 1999. Lethal effects of Rickettsia rickettsii on its tick vector (Dermacentor andersoni). Appl Environ Microbiol 65 :773–778.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 452 | 415 | 58 |
| Full Text Views | 317 | 3 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 116 | 3 | 1 |