- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- St. Louis encephalitis virus activity in Harris County mosquitoes, 1990–2002.
- St. Louis encephalitis and WN virus infection in Harris County mosquitoes in 2002.
- Prevalence of antibodies to SLE virus in wild birds, 1990–2002.
- Prevalence of antibodies to WN virus in wild birds in 2002.
- Isolation of WN virus from dead birds.
- Human cases of severe arboviral disease in Harris County.
- Prevalence of antibodies to SLE and WN viruses in stray dogs.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Monath TP, 1980. Epidemiology. Monath TP, ed. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 239–312.
-
2
Bell RL, Christensen B, Holguin A, Smith O, 1981. St. Louis encephalitis: a comparison of two epidemics in Harris County, Texas. Am J Public Health 71 :168–170.
-
3
Tsai TF, Canfield MA, Reed CM, Flannery VL, Sullivan KH, Reeve GR, Bailey RE, Poland JD, 1988. Epidemiological aspects of a St. Louis encephalitis outbreak in Harris County, Texas, 1986. J Infect Dis 157 :351–356.
-
4
Parsons R, 2003. Mosquito control-Texas style. Wing Beats 14 :4–38.
-
5
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O’Leary D, Murray K, Huang A, Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M; 1999 West Nile Outbreak Response Working Group, 2001. The outbreak of West Nile infection in the New York city area in 1999. N Engl J Med 344 :1807–1814.
-
6
Eidson M, 2001. “Neon needles” in a haystack: the advantages of passive surveillance for West Nile virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :38–53.
-
7
Hayes CG, 1989. West Nile fever. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume 5. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 59–88.
-
8
Tsai TF, Mitchell CJ, 1989. St. Louis encephalitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume 4. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 113–143.
-
9
Hammon WM, Sather GE, 1956. Immunity of hamsters to West Nile and Murray Valley viruses following immunization with St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis viruses. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 91 :521–524.
-
10
Tesh RB, Travassos da Rosa APA, Guzman H, Araujo TP, Xiao SY, 2002. Immunization with heterologous flaviviruses protective against fatal West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :245–261.
-
11
Moore CG, McLean RG, Mitchell CJ, Nasci RS, Tsai TF, Calisher CH, Marfin AA, Moore PS, Gubler DG, 1993. Guidelines for Arbovirus Surveillance Programs in the United States. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
12
Tsai TF, Bolin RA, Montoya M, Bailey RE, Francy DB, Jozan M, Roehrig J, 1987. Detection of St. Louis encephalitis virus antigen in mosquitoes by capture enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 25 :370–376.
-
13
Hunt AR, Hall RA, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Savage HM, Panella NA, Gottfried KL, Burkhalter KL, Roehrig JT, 2002. Detection of West Nile virus antigen in mosquitoes and avian tissues by a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 40 :2023–2030.
-
14
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
15
Tesh RB, Saidi S, Javadian E, Nadim A, 1977. Studies on the epidemiology of sandfly fever in Iran. I. Virus isolates obtained from Phlebotomus.Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :282–287.
-
16
Beasley DW, Davis CT, Guzman H, Vanlandingham DL, Travassos da Rosa APA, Parsons RE, Higgs S, Tesh RB, Barrett ADT, 2003. Limited evolution of West Nile virus during its southwesterly spread in the United States. Virology 309 :190–195.
-
17
Reisen WK, 2002. Epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. Mullen G, Durden L, eds. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. San Diego: Academic Press, 16–27.
-
18
Carey DE, Rodrigues FM, Meyers RM, Webb JDG, 1968. Arthropod-borne viral infections in children in Vellore, South India, with particular reference to dengue and West Nile viruses. Indian Pediatr 5 :285–296.
-
19
Carey DE, Reuben R, Myers RM, 1968. Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, South India. Part I. Virus isolation from mosquitoes. Indian J Med Res 56 :1309–1318.
-
20
Johansen CA, Van Den Hurk AF, Ritchie SA, Zborowski P, Nisbet DJ, Paru R, Bockarie MJ, MacDonald J, Drew AC, Khromykh TI, MacKenzie JS, 2000. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in the western province of Papua New Guinea, 1997–1998. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :631–638.
-
21
Johansen CA, Van Den Hurk AF, Pyke AT, Zborowski P, Phillips DA, MacKenzie JS, Ritchie SA, 2001. Entomological investigations of an outbreak of Japanese encephalitis virus in the Torres Strait, Australia, in 1998. J Med Entomol 38 :581–588.
-
22
MacKenzie JS, Lindsay MD, Coelen RJ, Broom AK, Hall RA, Smith DW, 1994. Arboviruses causing human disease in the Australasian zoogeographic region. Arch Virol 136 :447–467.
-
23
Mackenzie JS, Johansen CA, Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF, Hall RA, 2002. Japanese encephalitis as an emerging virus: the emergence and spread of Japanese encephalitis virus in Australasia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :49–73.
-
24
Roehrig JT, Layton M, Smith P, Campbell GL, Nasci R, Lanciotti RS, 2002. The emergence of West Nile virus in North America: ecology, epidemiology, and surveillance. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :223–240.
-
25
Edison M, Komar N, Sorhage F, Melson R, Talbot T, Mostashari F, McLean R, 2001. West Nile virus Avian Mortality Surveillance group. Crow deaths as a sentinel surveillance system for West Nile virus in the Northeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :615–620.
-
26
Madge S, Burn H, 1994. Crows and Jays. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
-
27
Mitchell CJ, Francy DB, Monath TB, 1980. Arthropod vectors. Monath TP, ed. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 313–379.
-
28
Nasci RS, Komar N, Marfin AA, Ludwig GV, Kramer LD, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Campbell SR, Brookes K, Gottfried KL, Burkhalter KL, Aspen SE, Kerst AJ, Lanciotti RS, Moore CG, 2002. Detection of West Nile virus-infected mosquitoes and seropositive juvenile birds in the vicinity of virus-positive dead birds. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :492–496.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 444 | 410 | 44 |
| Full Text Views | 275 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 74 | 3 | 1 |
THE 2002 INTRODUCTION OF WEST NILE VIRUS INTO HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS, AN AREA HISTORICALLY ENDEMIC FOR ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS
KRISTY M. LILLIBRIDGE
KRISTY M. LILLIBRIDGE
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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RAY PARSONS
RAY PARSONS
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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YVONNE RANDLE
YVONNE RANDLE
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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AMELIA P. A. TRAVASSOS DA ROSA
AMELIA P. A. TRAVASSOS DA ROSA
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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HILDA GUZMAN
HILDA GUZMAN
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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MARINA SIIRIN
MARINA SIIRIN
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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TAWEESAK WUITHIRANYAGOOL
TAWEESAK WUITHIRANYAGOOL
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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CHRISTINA HAILEY
CHRISTINA HAILEY
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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STEPHEN HIGGS
STEPHEN HIGGS
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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ADIL A. BALA
ADIL A. BALA
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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RHIA PASCUA
RHIA PASCUA
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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TAMRA MEYER
TAMRA MEYER
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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DANA L. VANLANDINGHAM
DANA L. VANLANDINGHAM
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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ROBERT B. TESH
ROBERT B. TESH
Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; Mosquito Control Division, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Harris County, Texas, is an endemic area of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE); and an active surveillance program that monitors SLE virus activity in mosquitoes, birds, and humans has been in place there for the past 28 years. In June of 2002, West Nile (WN) virus appeared in Houston and quickly spread throughout the region. This report describes the results of 12 years of SLE surveillance in Harris County and the contrasting pattern of WN virus activity, when it arrived in 2002. Our data indicate that both SLE and WN viruses can coexist, despite their ecologic, antigenic, and genetic similarities, and that both viruses will probably persist in this geographic region.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- St. Louis encephalitis virus activity in Harris County mosquitoes, 1990–2002.
- St. Louis encephalitis and WN virus infection in Harris County mosquitoes in 2002.
- Prevalence of antibodies to SLE virus in wild birds, 1990–2002.
- Prevalence of antibodies to WN virus in wild birds in 2002.
- Isolation of WN virus from dead birds.
- Human cases of severe arboviral disease in Harris County.
- Prevalence of antibodies to SLE and WN viruses in stray dogs.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Monath TP, 1980. Epidemiology. Monath TP, ed. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 239–312.
-
2
Bell RL, Christensen B, Holguin A, Smith O, 1981. St. Louis encephalitis: a comparison of two epidemics in Harris County, Texas. Am J Public Health 71 :168–170.
-
3
Tsai TF, Canfield MA, Reed CM, Flannery VL, Sullivan KH, Reeve GR, Bailey RE, Poland JD, 1988. Epidemiological aspects of a St. Louis encephalitis outbreak in Harris County, Texas, 1986. J Infect Dis 157 :351–356.
-
4
Parsons R, 2003. Mosquito control-Texas style. Wing Beats 14 :4–38.
-
5
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O’Leary D, Murray K, Huang A, Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M; 1999 West Nile Outbreak Response Working Group, 2001. The outbreak of West Nile infection in the New York city area in 1999. N Engl J Med 344 :1807–1814.
-
6
Eidson M, 2001. “Neon needles” in a haystack: the advantages of passive surveillance for West Nile virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951 :38–53.
-
7
Hayes CG, 1989. West Nile fever. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume 5. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 59–88.
-
8
Tsai TF, Mitchell CJ, 1989. St. Louis encephalitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume 4. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 113–143.
-
9
Hammon WM, Sather GE, 1956. Immunity of hamsters to West Nile and Murray Valley viruses following immunization with St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis viruses. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 91 :521–524.
-
10
Tesh RB, Travassos da Rosa APA, Guzman H, Araujo TP, Xiao SY, 2002. Immunization with heterologous flaviviruses protective against fatal West Nile encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :245–261.
-
11
Moore CG, McLean RG, Mitchell CJ, Nasci RS, Tsai TF, Calisher CH, Marfin AA, Moore PS, Gubler DG, 1993. Guidelines for Arbovirus Surveillance Programs in the United States. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
12
Tsai TF, Bolin RA, Montoya M, Bailey RE, Francy DB, Jozan M, Roehrig J, 1987. Detection of St. Louis encephalitis virus antigen in mosquitoes by capture enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 25 :370–376.
-
13
Hunt AR, Hall RA, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Savage HM, Panella NA, Gottfried KL, Burkhalter KL, Roehrig JT, 2002. Detection of West Nile virus antigen in mosquitoes and avian tissues by a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 40 :2023–2030.
-
14
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
15
Tesh RB, Saidi S, Javadian E, Nadim A, 1977. Studies on the epidemiology of sandfly fever in Iran. I. Virus isolates obtained from Phlebotomus.Am J Trop Med Hyg 26 :282–287.
-
16
Beasley DW, Davis CT, Guzman H, Vanlandingham DL, Travassos da Rosa APA, Parsons RE, Higgs S, Tesh RB, Barrett ADT, 2003. Limited evolution of West Nile virus during its southwesterly spread in the United States. Virology 309 :190–195.
-
17
Reisen WK, 2002. Epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. Mullen G, Durden L, eds. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. San Diego: Academic Press, 16–27.
-
18
Carey DE, Rodrigues FM, Meyers RM, Webb JDG, 1968. Arthropod-borne viral infections in children in Vellore, South India, with particular reference to dengue and West Nile viruses. Indian Pediatr 5 :285–296.
-
19
Carey DE, Reuben R, Myers RM, 1968. Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, South India. Part I. Virus isolation from mosquitoes. Indian J Med Res 56 :1309–1318.
-
20
Johansen CA, Van Den Hurk AF, Ritchie SA, Zborowski P, Nisbet DJ, Paru R, Bockarie MJ, MacDonald J, Drew AC, Khromykh TI, MacKenzie JS, 2000. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in the western province of Papua New Guinea, 1997–1998. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :631–638.
-
21
Johansen CA, Van Den Hurk AF, Pyke AT, Zborowski P, Phillips DA, MacKenzie JS, Ritchie SA, 2001. Entomological investigations of an outbreak of Japanese encephalitis virus in the Torres Strait, Australia, in 1998. J Med Entomol 38 :581–588.
-
22
MacKenzie JS, Lindsay MD, Coelen RJ, Broom AK, Hall RA, Smith DW, 1994. Arboviruses causing human disease in the Australasian zoogeographic region. Arch Virol 136 :447–467.
-
23
Mackenzie JS, Johansen CA, Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF, Hall RA, 2002. Japanese encephalitis as an emerging virus: the emergence and spread of Japanese encephalitis virus in Australasia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :49–73.
-
24
Roehrig JT, Layton M, Smith P, Campbell GL, Nasci R, Lanciotti RS, 2002. The emergence of West Nile virus in North America: ecology, epidemiology, and surveillance. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267 :223–240.
-
25
Edison M, Komar N, Sorhage F, Melson R, Talbot T, Mostashari F, McLean R, 2001. West Nile virus Avian Mortality Surveillance group. Crow deaths as a sentinel surveillance system for West Nile virus in the Northeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :615–620.
-
26
Madge S, Burn H, 1994. Crows and Jays. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
-
27
Mitchell CJ, Francy DB, Monath TB, 1980. Arthropod vectors. Monath TP, ed. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 313–379.
-
28
Nasci RS, Komar N, Marfin AA, Ludwig GV, Kramer LD, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Campbell SR, Brookes K, Gottfried KL, Burkhalter KL, Aspen SE, Kerst AJ, Lanciotti RS, Moore CG, 2002. Detection of West Nile virus-infected mosquitoes and seropositive juvenile birds in the vicinity of virus-positive dead birds. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :492–496.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 444 | 410 | 44 |
| Full Text Views | 275 | 4 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 74 | 3 | 1 |