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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Krogstad DJ, Gluzman IY, Herwaldt BL, Schlesinger PH, Wellems TE, 1992. Energy dependence of chloroquine accumulation and chloroquine efflux in Plasmodium falciparum.Biochem Pharmacol 43 :57–62.
-
2
Warhurst D, 2001. New developments: chloroquine-resistance in Plasmodium falciparum.Drug Resist Update 4 :141–144.
-
3
Fidock AD, Nomura T, Talley KA, Cooper AR, Dzekunov MS, Ferdig TM, Ursos ML, Sidhu AB, Naude B, Deitsch WK, Su ZX, Wootton CJ, Roepe DP, Wellems ET, 2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6 :861–871.
-
4
Mehlotra RK, Fujioka H, Roepe PD, Janneh O, Ursos LM, Jacobs-Lorena V, McNamara DT, Bockarie MJ, Kazura JW, Kyle DE, Fidock DA, Zimmerman PA, 2001. Evolution of a unique Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistance phenotype in association with pfcrt polymorphism in Papua New Guinea and South America. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 :12689–12694.
-
5
Wootton JC, Feng X, Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu J, Baruch DI, Magill AJ, Su XZ, 2002. Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum.Nature 418 :320–323.
-
6
Wellems TE, Panton LJ, Gluzman IY, do Rosario VE, Gwadz RW, Walker-Jonah A, Krogstad DJ, 1990. Chloroquine resistance not linked to mdr-like genes in a Plasmodium falciparum cross. Nature 345 :253–255.
-
7
Carlton JM, Fidock DA, Djimde A, Plowe CV, Wellems TE, 2001. Conservation of a novel vacuolar transporter in Plasmodium species and its central role in chloroquine resistance of P. falciparum.Curr Opin Microbiol 4 :415–420.
-
8
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, Coulibaly D, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344 :257–263.
-
9
Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Singh A, Rosenthal PJ, 2001. Polymorphisms in the Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr-1 genes and clinical response to chloroquine in Kampala, Uganda. J Infect Dis 183 :1417–1420.
-
10
Mayor AG, Gomez-Olive X, Aponte JJ, Casimiro S, Mabunda S, Dgedge M, Barreto A, Alonso PL, 2001. Prevalence of the K76T mutation in the putative Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene and its relation to chloroquine resistance in Mozambique. J Infect Dis 183 :1413–1416.
-
11
Pillai DR, Labbe AC, Vanisaveth V, Hongvangthong B, Pomphida S, Inkathone S, Zhong K, Kain KC, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Laos: chloroquine treatment outcome and predictive value of molecular markers. J Infect Dis 183 :789–795.
-
12
Babiker HA, Pringle SJ, Abdel-Muhsin A, Mackinnon M, Hunt P, Walliker D, 2001. High-level chloroquine resistance in Sudanese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum is associated with mutations in the chloroquine resistance transporter gene pfcrt and the multidrug resistance gene pfmdr1. J Infect Dis 183 :1535–1538.
-
13
Basco LK, Ringwald P, 2001. Analysis of the key pfcrt point mutation and in vitro and in vivo response to chloroquine in Yaounde, Cameroon. J Infect Dis 183 :1828–1831.
-
14
Chen N, Russell B, Staley J, Kotecka B, Nasveld P, Cheng Q, 2001. Sequence polymorphisms in pfcrt are strongly associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum.J Infect Dis 183 :1543–1545.
-
15
May J, Mockenhaupt FP, Ademowo OG, Falusi AG, Olumese PE, Bienzle U, Meyer CG, 1999. High rate of mixed and sub-patent malarial infections in southwest Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :339–343.
-
16
Snounou G, Viriyakasol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, do Rosario VE, Thaitong S, Brown KN, 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61 :315–320.
-
17
Robert F, Ntoumi F, Angel G, Candito D, Rogier C, Fandeur T, Sarthou JL, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1996. Extensive genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected from patients with severe malaria in Dakar, Senegal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :704–711.
-
18
Bergqvist Y, Frisk-Holmberg M, 1980. Sensitive method for the determination of chloroquine and its metabolite desethylchloroquine in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 221 :119–227.
-
19
Kirkwood BR, 1988. Essentials of Medical Statistics. First edition. Oxford, United Kingdom,
-
20
Adagu IS, Warhurst DC, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum: linkage disequilibrium between loci in chromosomes 7 and 5 and chloroquine selective pressure in northern Nigeria. Parasitology 123 :219–224.
-
21
Kyosiimire-Lugemwa J, Nalunkuma-Kazibwe AJ, Mujuzi G, Mulindwa H, Talisuna A, Egwang TG, 2002. The Lys-76-Thr mutation in PfCRT and chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :91–95.
-
22
Ariey F, Randrianarivelojosia M, Duchemin JB, Rakotondramarina D, Ouledi A, Robert V, Jambou R, Jahevitra M, Andrianantenaina H, Raharimalala L, Mauclere P, 2002. Mapping of a Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt K76T mutation: a useful strategy for controlling chloroquine resistance in Madagascar. J Infect Dis 185 :710–712.
-
23
Labbe AC, Bualombai P, Pillai DR, Zhong KJ, Vanisaveth V, Hongvanthong B, Looareesuwan S, Kain KC, 2001. Molecular markers for chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand and Laos. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :781–788.
-
24
Maguire JD, Susanti AI, 2001. Krisin, Sismadi P, Fryauff DJ, Baird JK. The T76 mutation in the pfcrt gene of Plasmodium falciparum and clinical chloroquine resistance phenotypes in Papua, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :559–572.
-
25
Foote SJ, Thompson JK, Cowman AF, Kemp DJ, 1989. Amplification of the multidrug resistance gene in some chloroquine-resistant isolates of P. falciparum.Cell 57 :921–930.
-
26
Wilson CM, Serrano AE, Wasley A, Bogenschutz MP, Shankar AH, Wirth DF, 1989. Amplification of a gene related to mammalian mdr genes in drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum.Science 244 :1184–1186.
-
27
Adagu IS, Warhurst DC, 1999. Association of cg2 and pfmdr1 genotype with chloroquine resistance in field samples of Plasmodium falciparum from Nigeria. Parasitology 119 :343–348.
-
28
Fidock DA, Nomura T, Cooper RA, Su X, Talley AK, Wellems TE, 2000. Allelic modifications of the cg2 and cg1 genes do not alter the chloroquine response of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum.Mol Biochem Parasitol 110 :1–10.
-
29
Chen N, Russell B, Fowler E, Peters J, Cheng Q, 2002. Levels of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum are determined by loci other than pfcrt and pfmdr1. J Infect Dis 185 :405–407.
-
30
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Steketee RW, Plowe CV, 2001. Application of a molecular marker for surveillance of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Lancet 358 :890–891.
-
31
Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J Infect Dis 184 :770–776.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 120 | 104 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 272 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 37 | 2 | 0 |
ASSOCIATION OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM CHLOROQUINE RESISTANCE TRANSPORTER VARIANT T76 WITH AGE-RELATED PLASMA CHLOROQUINE LEVELS
JÜRGEN MAY
JÜRGEN MAY
Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Germany; Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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CHRISTIAN G. MEYER
CHRISTIAN G. MEYER
Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Germany; Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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Search for other papers by CHRISTIAN G. MEYER in
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The mutation leading to the substitution of a threonine (T76) for a lysine at position 76 of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) was genotyped in 100 Nigerian children with asymptomatic parasitemia. Isolates containing both pfcrt variants were found to harbor higher numbers of parasite clones (P < 0.002). The prevalence of the pfcrt T76 variant decreased with age (P < 0.0001) and increased with blood levels of chloroquine (CQ) (P < 0.0001). Whereas the K76 allele was more frequent in individuals without detectable plasma CQ levels (79.7%), only the pfcrt T76 variant was observed in children with CQ levels > 150 nmol/L. In individuals without detectable plasma CQ, the proportion of those with pfcrt T76 decreased from 60% in children < 2 years old to 23.5% in children ≥ 6 years old (P < 0.01). The association of actual blood levels of CQ and the occurrence of pfcrt T76 underlines that the pfcrt T76 variant is in fact the mediator of CQ resistance.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Krogstad DJ, Gluzman IY, Herwaldt BL, Schlesinger PH, Wellems TE, 1992. Energy dependence of chloroquine accumulation and chloroquine efflux in Plasmodium falciparum.Biochem Pharmacol 43 :57–62.
-
2
Warhurst D, 2001. New developments: chloroquine-resistance in Plasmodium falciparum.Drug Resist Update 4 :141–144.
-
3
Fidock AD, Nomura T, Talley KA, Cooper AR, Dzekunov MS, Ferdig TM, Ursos ML, Sidhu AB, Naude B, Deitsch WK, Su ZX, Wootton CJ, Roepe DP, Wellems ET, 2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6 :861–871.
-
4
Mehlotra RK, Fujioka H, Roepe PD, Janneh O, Ursos LM, Jacobs-Lorena V, McNamara DT, Bockarie MJ, Kazura JW, Kyle DE, Fidock DA, Zimmerman PA, 2001. Evolution of a unique Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistance phenotype in association with pfcrt polymorphism in Papua New Guinea and South America. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 :12689–12694.
-
5
Wootton JC, Feng X, Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu J, Baruch DI, Magill AJ, Su XZ, 2002. Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum.Nature 418 :320–323.
-
6
Wellems TE, Panton LJ, Gluzman IY, do Rosario VE, Gwadz RW, Walker-Jonah A, Krogstad DJ, 1990. Chloroquine resistance not linked to mdr-like genes in a Plasmodium falciparum cross. Nature 345 :253–255.
-
7
Carlton JM, Fidock DA, Djimde A, Plowe CV, Wellems TE, 2001. Conservation of a novel vacuolar transporter in Plasmodium species and its central role in chloroquine resistance of P. falciparum.Curr Opin Microbiol 4 :415–420.
-
8
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, Coulibaly D, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344 :257–263.
-
9
Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Singh A, Rosenthal PJ, 2001. Polymorphisms in the Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr-1 genes and clinical response to chloroquine in Kampala, Uganda. J Infect Dis 183 :1417–1420.
-
10
Mayor AG, Gomez-Olive X, Aponte JJ, Casimiro S, Mabunda S, Dgedge M, Barreto A, Alonso PL, 2001. Prevalence of the K76T mutation in the putative Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene and its relation to chloroquine resistance in Mozambique. J Infect Dis 183 :1413–1416.
-
11
Pillai DR, Labbe AC, Vanisaveth V, Hongvangthong B, Pomphida S, Inkathone S, Zhong K, Kain KC, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Laos: chloroquine treatment outcome and predictive value of molecular markers. J Infect Dis 183 :789–795.
-
12
Babiker HA, Pringle SJ, Abdel-Muhsin A, Mackinnon M, Hunt P, Walliker D, 2001. High-level chloroquine resistance in Sudanese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum is associated with mutations in the chloroquine resistance transporter gene pfcrt and the multidrug resistance gene pfmdr1. J Infect Dis 183 :1535–1538.
-
13
Basco LK, Ringwald P, 2001. Analysis of the key pfcrt point mutation and in vitro and in vivo response to chloroquine in Yaounde, Cameroon. J Infect Dis 183 :1828–1831.
-
14
Chen N, Russell B, Staley J, Kotecka B, Nasveld P, Cheng Q, 2001. Sequence polymorphisms in pfcrt are strongly associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum.J Infect Dis 183 :1543–1545.
-
15
May J, Mockenhaupt FP, Ademowo OG, Falusi AG, Olumese PE, Bienzle U, Meyer CG, 1999. High rate of mixed and sub-patent malarial infections in southwest Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :339–343.
-
16
Snounou G, Viriyakasol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, do Rosario VE, Thaitong S, Brown KN, 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61 :315–320.
-
17
Robert F, Ntoumi F, Angel G, Candito D, Rogier C, Fandeur T, Sarthou JL, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 1996. Extensive genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected from patients with severe malaria in Dakar, Senegal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :704–711.
-
18
Bergqvist Y, Frisk-Holmberg M, 1980. Sensitive method for the determination of chloroquine and its metabolite desethylchloroquine in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 221 :119–227.
-
19
Kirkwood BR, 1988. Essentials of Medical Statistics. First edition. Oxford, United Kingdom,
-
20
Adagu IS, Warhurst DC, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum: linkage disequilibrium between loci in chromosomes 7 and 5 and chloroquine selective pressure in northern Nigeria. Parasitology 123 :219–224.
-
21
Kyosiimire-Lugemwa J, Nalunkuma-Kazibwe AJ, Mujuzi G, Mulindwa H, Talisuna A, Egwang TG, 2002. The Lys-76-Thr mutation in PfCRT and chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :91–95.
-
22
Ariey F, Randrianarivelojosia M, Duchemin JB, Rakotondramarina D, Ouledi A, Robert V, Jambou R, Jahevitra M, Andrianantenaina H, Raharimalala L, Mauclere P, 2002. Mapping of a Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt K76T mutation: a useful strategy for controlling chloroquine resistance in Madagascar. J Infect Dis 185 :710–712.
-
23
Labbe AC, Bualombai P, Pillai DR, Zhong KJ, Vanisaveth V, Hongvanthong B, Looareesuwan S, Kain KC, 2001. Molecular markers for chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand and Laos. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :781–788.
-
24
Maguire JD, Susanti AI, 2001. Krisin, Sismadi P, Fryauff DJ, Baird JK. The T76 mutation in the pfcrt gene of Plasmodium falciparum and clinical chloroquine resistance phenotypes in Papua, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :559–572.
-
25
Foote SJ, Thompson JK, Cowman AF, Kemp DJ, 1989. Amplification of the multidrug resistance gene in some chloroquine-resistant isolates of P. falciparum.Cell 57 :921–930.
-
26
Wilson CM, Serrano AE, Wasley A, Bogenschutz MP, Shankar AH, Wirth DF, 1989. Amplification of a gene related to mammalian mdr genes in drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum.Science 244 :1184–1186.
-
27
Adagu IS, Warhurst DC, 1999. Association of cg2 and pfmdr1 genotype with chloroquine resistance in field samples of Plasmodium falciparum from Nigeria. Parasitology 119 :343–348.
-
28
Fidock DA, Nomura T, Cooper RA, Su X, Talley AK, Wellems TE, 2000. Allelic modifications of the cg2 and cg1 genes do not alter the chloroquine response of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum.Mol Biochem Parasitol 110 :1–10.
-
29
Chen N, Russell B, Fowler E, Peters J, Cheng Q, 2002. Levels of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum are determined by loci other than pfcrt and pfmdr1. J Infect Dis 185 :405–407.
-
30
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Steketee RW, Plowe CV, 2001. Application of a molecular marker for surveillance of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Lancet 358 :890–891.
-
31
Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J Infect Dis 184 :770–776.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 120 | 104 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 272 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 37 | 2 | 0 |