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Rickettsial Pathogens in Dogs and Ticks During an Epidemic of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Ensenada, Baja California, México
Laura Backus
Laura Backus
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;
Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, California;
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Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, California;
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Francesca Rubino
Francesca Rubino
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;
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Andrés M. López-Pérez
Andrés M. López-Pérez
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;
Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Xalapa, México;
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Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Xalapa, México;
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Oscar E. Zazueta
Oscar E. Zazueta
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
Departamento de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Departamento de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Javier Borboa
Javier Borboa
Departamento de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Alexa C. Quintana
Alexa C. Quintana
Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California;
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Will Probert
Will Probert
Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California;
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Jill K. Hacker
Jill K. Hacker
Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California;
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Paola Gómez-Castellanos
Paola Gómez-Castellanos
Departamento de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Leslie C. Inustroza-Sánchez
Leslie C. Inustroza-Sánchez
Departamento de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, México;
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Claudia Herrera Olivas
Claudia Herrera Olivas
Departamento de Ecología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México;
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Christopher D. Paddock
Christopher D. Paddock
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Janet Foley
jefoley@ucdavis.edu
Janet Foley
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;
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ABSTRACT.
A Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) epidemic has spread through the state of Baja California, Mexico over the last decade and a half, beginning in Mexicali, and subsequently to Tijuana and to Ensenada by 2018. In October of 2022, we surveyed dogs and homes in randomly selected Áreas Geoestadisticas Básicas (AGEBs) with and without reported human cases. Brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) were found on 33.9% of dogs and in the yards of 23.6% of homes. Homes from AGEBs with cases had over a 6-fold increased odds of ticks being present in the yard than AGEBs without reported cases. Both dogs that were permitted to roam and the presence of roaming dogs in the neighborhood were strongly associated with tick infestation of dogs and homes. No ticks or blood samples were polymerase chain reaction-positive for Rickettsia (R.) rickettsii, the causative agent of RMSF, although 54.6% of dogs were seropositive for spotted fever group rickettsiae, and 17.4% were seropositive for typhus group rickettsiae. R. massiliae and R. felis were detected in eight (1.3%) and 29 (4.8%) ticks, respectively; and R. felis was also detected in eight (4.6%) dog blood samples. Although the pathogenic potential of these other rickettsial species and their role in RMSF transmission remains unclear, our data on tick burdens in dogs and homes as risk factors for RMSF exposure provide further support to the pivotal need to reduce tick burdens and the numbers of roaming dogs to successfully manage the RMSF epidemic in northern Mexico.
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Author Notes
Financial support: Financial support was provided by the
Disclosures: The findings and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views of position of the California Department of Public Health, the California Health and Human Services Agency, or the CDC. No authors have real or perceived conflicts of interest.
Current contact information: Laura Backus, Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, CA, E-mail: lbackus@calpoly.edu. Francesca Rubino and Janet Foley, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, E-mails: firubino@ucdavis.edu and jefoley@ucdavis.edu. Andrés M. López-Pérez, Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, México, E-mail: amlope@ucdavis.edu. Oscar E. Zazueta, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, E-mail: oez512@mail.harvard.edu. Javier Borboa, Paola Gómez-Castellanos, and Leslie C. Inustroza-Sánchez, Departamento de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud de Baja California, Mexicali, México, E-mail: javier.borboa@uabc.edu.mx, paogomez8714@gmail.com, and lesliecarolina55@gmail.com. Alexa C. Quintana, Will Probert, and Jill K. Hacker, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, E-mails: alexa.quintana@cdph.ca.gov, will.probert@cdph.ca.gov, and jill.hacker@cdph.ca.gov. Claudia Herrera Olivas, Departamento de Ecología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México, E-mail: aliciaherrera.25.94@gmail.com. Christopher D. Paddock, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, CDC, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: cdp9@cdc.gov.
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-
1.
Eisen RJ, Kugeler KJ, Eisen L, Beard CB, Paddock CD, 2017. Tick-borne zoonoses in the United States: Persistent and emerging threats to human health. ILAR J 58: 319–335.
-
2.
Alvarez-Hernandez G, Murillo-Benitez C, del Carmen Candia-Plata M, Moro M, 2015. Clinical profile and predictors of fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children from Sonora, Mexico. Pediatr Infect Dis J 34: 125–130.
-
3.
Biggs HM et al., 2016. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis—United States. Mmwr Recomm Rep 65: 1–44.
-
4.
Álvarez-López DI, Ochoa-Mora E, Heitman KN, Binder AM, Álvarez-Hernández G, Armstrong PA, 2021. Epidemiology and clinical features of Rocky Mountain spotted fever from enhanced surveillance, Sonora, Mexico: 2015–2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg 104: 190–197.
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