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-
1.
Solomon AW et al., 2004. Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for trachoma.N Engl J Med 351: 1962–1971.
-
2.
Chidambaram JD et al., 2006. Effect of a single mass antibiotic distribution on the prevalence of infectious trachoma. JAMA 295: 1142–1146.
-
3.
Solomon AW, Burton MJ, Gower EW, Harding-Esch EM, Oldenburg CE, Taylor HR, Traore L, 2022. Trachoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 8: 32.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2018. WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020: Progress report on elimination of trachoma. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2019 29: 317–328.
-
5.
Stewart AEP et al., 2019. Progress to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia: Results of 152 population-based surveys. AM J Trop Med Hyg 101: 1286–1295.
-
6.
Tedijanto C et al., 2022. Predicting future community-level ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection prevalence using serological, clinical, molecular, and geospatial data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010273.
-
7.
Amza A et al., 2019. Community-level association between clinical trachoma and ocular Chlamydia infection after mass azithromycin distribution in a mesoendemic region of Niger. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 26: 231–237.
-
8.
Nash SD et al., 2018. Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection under the surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement strategy in Amhara, Ethiopia, 2011–2015. Clin Infect Dis 67: 1840–1846.
-
9.
Sata E et al., 2021. Twelve-year longitudinal trends in trachoma prevalence among children aged 1–9 years in Amhara, Ethiopia, 2007–2019.Am J Trop Med Hyg 104: 1278–1289.
-
10.
Nash SD et al., 2024. The epidemiology of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection within districts persistently endemic for trachoma in Amhara, Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 111: 105–113.
-
11.
Solomon AW, Kello AB, Bangert M, West SK, Taylor HR, Tekeraoi R, Foster A, 2020. The simplified trachoma grading system, amended. Bull World Health Organ 98: 698–705.
-
12.
Ray KJ, Zhou Z, Cevallos V, Chin S, Enanoria W, Lui F, Lietman TM, Porco TC, 2014. Estimating community prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection using pooled polymerase chain reaction testing. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 21: 86–91.
-
13.
Aragie S et al., 2022. Water, sanitation, and hygiene for control of trachoma in Ethiopia (WUHA): A two-arm, parallel-group, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health 10: e87–e95.
-
14.
Gebre T et al., 2012. Comparison of annual versus twice-yearly mass azithromycin treatment for hyperendemic trachoma in Ethiopia: A cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 379: 143–151.
-
15.
Melese M et al., 2004. Feasibility of eliminating ocular Chlamydia trachomatis with repeat mass antibiotic treatments. JAMA 292: 721–725.
-
16.
Renneker KK et al., 2022. Global progress toward the elimination of active trachoma: An analysis of 38 countries. Lancet Glob Health 10: e491–e500.
-
17.
Nash SD et al., 2023. Prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, after 8 years of trachoma control interventions.Am J Trop Med Hyg 108: 261–267.
-
18.
Michel CEC, Roper KG, Divena MA, Lee HH, Taylor HR, 2011. Correlation of clinical trachoma and infection in aboriginal communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e986.
-
19.
Nash SD et al., 2020. Ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection and infectious load among pre-school aged children within trachoma hyperendemic districts receiving the safe strategy, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008226.
-
20.
Borlase A, Blumberg S, Callahan EK, Deiner MS, Nash SD, Porco TC, Solomon AW, Lietman TM, Prada JM, Hollingsworth TD, 2021. Modelling trachoma post-2020: Opportunities for mitigating the impact of COVID-19 and accelerating progress towards elimination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 115: 213–221.
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Prevalence of Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis and Active Trachoma among Children in Merhabete District, Amhara, Ethiopia
Awraris Hailu Bilchut
Awraris Hailu Bilchut
Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia;
Eyu-Ethiopia, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Eyu-Ethiopia, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Esmael Habtamu
Esmael Habtamu
Eyu-Ethiopia, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Yeshigeta Gelaw
Yeshigeta Gelaw
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Aemero Abateneh
Aemero Abateneh
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Belay Beyene
Belay Beyene
Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Ambahun Chernet
Ambahun Chernet
Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Tariku Wondie
Tariku Wondie
Eyu-Ethiopia, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Adisu Abebe
Adisu Abebe
Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Huiyu Hu
Huiyu Hu
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Hadley Burroughs
Hadley Burroughs
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Zhaoxia Zhao
Zhaoxia Zhao
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Jessica Shantha
Jessica Shantha
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Scott D. Nash
Scott D. Nash
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;
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The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Benjamin F. Arnold
Benjamin F. Arnold
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Thomas M. Lietman
Thomas M. Lietman
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Catherine E. Oldenburg
catherine.oldenburg@ucsf.edu
Catherine E. Oldenburg
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;
Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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ABSTRACT.
There have been significant reductions in the burden of trachoma worldwide. However, some districts have experienced persistently high trachoma prevalence despite many years of intervention. Here, we report the epidemiology of trachoma in Merhabete, Ethiopia, a district in the Amhara Region that has been receiving azithromycin mass drug administration (MDA) since 2009. Data were obtained from the baseline survey of a cluster randomized trial evaluating targeted treatment strategies for trachoma elimination. An enumerative census was conducted in February 2022 to generate lists of children aged 6 months to 9 years in 80 sentinel communities participating in the trial. All children in the sentinel communities who were included in the census were examined. Field grades and conjunctival swabs were collected to assess active trachoma (based on clinical assessment) and ocular chlamydia (based on polymerase chain reaction to identify Chlamydia trachomatis). A total of 5,935 children were examined in 80 communities. The prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) was 46.6%, trachomatous inflammation—intense (TI) was 17.5%, and ocular chlamydia was 28.0%. The correlation between TF and ocular chlamydia (correlation coefficient 0.54, 95% CI 0.34–0.70) was similar to the correlation between TI and ocular chlamydia (correlation coefficient 0.49, 95% CI 0.30–0.65). The prevalence of ocular chlamydia remained high in this district, which had received more than 10 rounds of azithromycin MDA. Ocular chlamydia was moderately correlated with both TF and TI. Intensive interventions may be required to eliminate trachoma in settings with persistently high ocular chlamydia prevalence despite many years of intervention.
Author Notes
Financial support: The Kebele Elimination of Trachoma for Ocular Health trial is supported by the
Current contact information: Awraris Hailu Bilchut, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, and Eyu-Ethiopia, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, E-mail: awrarishailu@gmail.com. Esmael Habtamu, Eyu-Ethiopia, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, and College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, E-mail: esmael.ali@lshtm.ac.uk. Yeshigeta Gelaw and Aemero Abateneh, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, E-mails: yeshigetagelaw@gmail.com and alma.aem@gmail.com. Belay Beyene, Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, E-mail: fiametaye@gmail.com. Ambahun Chernet, Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, and The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, E-mail: ambahun.chernet@cartercenter.org. Tariku Wondie, Eyu-Ethiopia, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, E-mail: twondie@ymail.com. Adisu Abebe, Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, E-mail: adisua0@gmail.com. Huiyu Hu, Hadley Burroughs, Zhaoxia Zhao, Jessica Shantha, Benjamin F. Arnold, Thomas M. Lietman, and Catherine E. Oldenburg, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, E-mails: huiyu.hu@ucsf.edu, hadley.burroughs@ucsf.edu, zhaoxia.zhao@ucsf.edu, jessica.shantha@ucsf.edu, ben.arnold@ucsf.edu, tom.lietman@ucsf.edu, and catherine.oldenburg@ucsf.edu. Scott D. Nash, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: scott.nash@cartercenter.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Solomon AW et al., 2004. Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for trachoma.N Engl J Med 351: 1962–1971.
-
2.
Chidambaram JD et al., 2006. Effect of a single mass antibiotic distribution on the prevalence of infectious trachoma. JAMA 295: 1142–1146.
-
3.
Solomon AW, Burton MJ, Gower EW, Harding-Esch EM, Oldenburg CE, Taylor HR, Traore L, 2022. Trachoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 8: 32.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2018. WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020: Progress report on elimination of trachoma. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2019 29: 317–328.
-
5.
Stewart AEP et al., 2019. Progress to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia: Results of 152 population-based surveys. AM J Trop Med Hyg 101: 1286–1295.
-
6.
Tedijanto C et al., 2022. Predicting future community-level ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection prevalence using serological, clinical, molecular, and geospatial data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010273.
-
7.
Amza A et al., 2019. Community-level association between clinical trachoma and ocular Chlamydia infection after mass azithromycin distribution in a mesoendemic region of Niger. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 26: 231–237.
-
8.
Nash SD et al., 2018. Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection under the surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement strategy in Amhara, Ethiopia, 2011–2015. Clin Infect Dis 67: 1840–1846.
-
9.
Sata E et al., 2021. Twelve-year longitudinal trends in trachoma prevalence among children aged 1–9 years in Amhara, Ethiopia, 2007–2019.Am J Trop Med Hyg 104: 1278–1289.
-
10.
Nash SD et al., 2024. The epidemiology of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection within districts persistently endemic for trachoma in Amhara, Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 111: 105–113.
-
11.
Solomon AW, Kello AB, Bangert M, West SK, Taylor HR, Tekeraoi R, Foster A, 2020. The simplified trachoma grading system, amended. Bull World Health Organ 98: 698–705.
-
12.
Ray KJ, Zhou Z, Cevallos V, Chin S, Enanoria W, Lui F, Lietman TM, Porco TC, 2014. Estimating community prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection using pooled polymerase chain reaction testing. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 21: 86–91.
-
13.
Aragie S et al., 2022. Water, sanitation, and hygiene for control of trachoma in Ethiopia (WUHA): A two-arm, parallel-group, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health 10: e87–e95.
-
14.
Gebre T et al., 2012. Comparison of annual versus twice-yearly mass azithromycin treatment for hyperendemic trachoma in Ethiopia: A cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 379: 143–151.
-
15.
Melese M et al., 2004. Feasibility of eliminating ocular Chlamydia trachomatis with repeat mass antibiotic treatments. JAMA 292: 721–725.
-
16.
Renneker KK et al., 2022. Global progress toward the elimination of active trachoma: An analysis of 38 countries. Lancet Glob Health 10: e491–e500.
-
17.
Nash SD et al., 2023. Prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, after 8 years of trachoma control interventions.Am J Trop Med Hyg 108: 261–267.
-
18.
Michel CEC, Roper KG, Divena MA, Lee HH, Taylor HR, 2011. Correlation of clinical trachoma and infection in aboriginal communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e986.
-
19.
Nash SD et al., 2020. Ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection and infectious load among pre-school aged children within trachoma hyperendemic districts receiving the safe strategy, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008226.
-
20.
Borlase A, Blumberg S, Callahan EK, Deiner MS, Nash SD, Porco TC, Solomon AW, Lietman TM, Prada JM, Hollingsworth TD, 2021. Modelling trachoma post-2020: Opportunities for mitigating the impact of COVID-19 and accelerating progress towards elimination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 115: 213–221.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1660 | 1660 | 854 |
| Full Text Views | 50 | 50 | 19 |
| PDF Downloads | 60 | 60 | 29 |