World Health Organization, 2021. WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis: Module 2: Screening – Systematic Screening for Tuberculosis Disease. Geneva: WHO.
Yadav S, Rawal G, 2021. Primary multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with a concomitante COVID-19 infection in an Indian female- World’s first case of its type in this current pandemic. J Family Med Prim Care 10: 3922–3924.
Jones-López EC, Acuña-Villaorduña C, Ssebidandi M, Gaeddert M, Kubiak RW, Ayakaka I, White LF, Joloba M, Okwera A, Fennelly KP, 2016. Cough aerosols of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the prediction of incident tuberculosis disease in household contacts. Clin Infect Dis 63: 10–20.
Sinha R, Rahul, 2019. Breast tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 66: 6–11.
Zhang W, Zhang Y, Yang G, Yu T, 2020. Features of breast tuberculosis determined by ultrasound imaging: Report of 45 cases. J Int Med Res 48: 300060520910891.
Singal R, Dalal AK, Dalal U, Attri AK, 2013. Primary tuberculosis of the breast presented as multiple discharge sinuses. Indian J Surg 75: 66–67.
Huang YY, Chen AC, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR, 2009. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy. Dose Response 7: 358–383.
de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR, 2016. Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 22: 7000417.
Hamblin MR, 2017. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophys 4: 337–361.
Deana AM, de Souza AM, Teixeira VP, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, 2018. The impact of photobiomodulation on osteoblast-like cell: A review. Lasers Med Sci 33: 1147–1158.
Topaloglu N, Özdemir M, Çevik ZBY, 2021. Comparative analysis of the light parameters of red and near-infrared diode lasers to induce photobiomodulation on fibroblasts and keratinocytes: An in vitro study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 37: 253–262.
Victor EC, Goulardins J, Cardoso VO, Costa Silva RE, Brugnera A, Bussadori SK, Santos Fernandes KP, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, 2021. Effect of photobiomodulation in lipopolysaccharide-treated myoblasts.Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 39: 30–37.
Jana-Neto FC et al., 2023. Effects of multiwavelength photobiomodulation for the treatment of traumatic soft tissue injuries associated with bone fractures: A double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. J Biophotonics 16: e202200299.
Ferreira RC, Cecatto RB, Perez ST, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Bussadori SK, Duran CC, Horliana ACT, Fernandes KPS, 2024. Adjuvant effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: A case series. J Biophotonics 17: e202300412.
de Abreu Chaves ME, Araújo AR, Santos SF, Pinotti M, Oliveira LS, 2012. LED phototherapy improves healing of nipple trauma: A pilot study. Photomed Laser Surg 30: 172–178.
Coca KP, Marcacine KO, Gamba MA, Corrêa L, Aranha AC, Abrão AC, 2016. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in relieving nipple pain in breastfeeding women: A triple-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Pain Manag Nurs 17: 281–289.
Strouthos I, Chatzikonstantinou G, Tselis N, Bon D, Karagiannis E, Zoga E, Ferentinos K, Maximenko J, Nikolettou-Fischer V, Zamboglou N, 2017. Photobiomodulation therapy for the management of radiation-induced dermatitis: A single-institution experience of adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer patients after breast conserving surgery. Strahlenther Onkol 193: 491–498.
Leyane TS, Jere SW, Houreld NN, 2021. Cellular signalling and photobiomodulation in chronic wound repair. Int J Mol Sci 22: 11223.
Pavlov S, Babenko N, Kumetchko M, Litvinova O, Valilshchykov M, 2022. Features of cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-gulation of reparative processes in chronic wounds using photobiomodulation therapy. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 64: 260–266.
Chen P, Zou Y, Liu Y, Han W, Zhang M, Wu Y, Yin R, 2024. Low-level photodynamic therapy in chronic wounds. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 46: 104085.
Cheng W, Yao M, Sun K, Li W, 2020. Progress in photobiomodulation for bone fractures: A narrative review. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 38: 260–271.
Dompe C et al., 2020. Photobiomodulation – Underlying mechanism and clinical applications. J Clin Med 9: 1724.
Camargo BTS, Coca KP, Amir LH, Corrêa L, Aranha ACC, Marcacine KO, Abuchaim ÉSV, Abrão ACFV, 2020. The effect of a single irradiation of low-level laser on nipple pain in breastfeeding women: A randomized controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci 35: 63–69.
Barbosa MLA, de Sousa MNA, Medeiros LGS, Costa MLA, Alves ARG, Suarez LAB, Nogueira RBSS, Nogueira TBSS, Daltro MCSL, 2023. Laserterapia aplicada a fissura mamilar.Conjecturas 23: 262–272.
Cirico MOV, Shimoda GT, Silva IA, de Sousa MVP, de Castro R, McArthur A, 2021. Effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy for nipple pain or nipple trauma in lactating women: A systematic review protocol. JBI Evid Synth 19: 614–621.
de Brito AA et al., 2024. Effect of photobiomodulation in the balance between effector and regulatory T cells in an experimental model of COPD. Front Med (Lausanne) 11: 1347517.
de Brito Sousa K, Rodrigues MFSD, de Souza Santos D, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Nunes FD, de Fátima Teixeira da Silva D, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, 2020. Differential expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators by M1 and M2 macrophages after photobiomodulation with red or infrared lasers. Lasers Med Sci 35: 337–343.
Martinelli A, Andreo L, Alves AN, Terena SML, Santos TC, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, 2021. Photobiomodulation modulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines during the compensatory hypertrophy process in skeletal muscle. Lasers Med Sci 36: 791–802.
Tobelem DDC, Andreo L, Silva T, Malavazzi TCS, Martinelli A, Horliana ACRT, Fernandes KPS, Bussadori SK, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, 2023. Systemic vascular photobiomodulation accelerates the recovery of motor activity in rats following spinal cord injury. Lasers Surg Med 55: 577–589.
Cunha JLS, Carvalho FMA, Pereira Filho RN, Ribeiro MAG, de Albuquerque-Júnior RLC, 2019. Effects of different protocols of low-level laser therapy on collagen deposition in wound healing. Braz Dent J 30: 317–324.
Chen AC-H et al., 2011. Low-level laser therapy activates NF-kB via generation of reactive oxygen species in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. PLoS One 6: e22453.
Fushimi T, Inui S, Nakajima T, Ogasawara M, Hosokawa K, Itami S, 2012. Green light emitting diodes accelerate wound healing: Characterization of the effect and its molecular basis in vitro and in vivo. Wound Repair Regen 20: 226–235.
Yin K, Zhu R, Wang S, Zhao RC, 2017. Low-level laser effect on proliferation, migration, and antiapoptosis of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 26: 762–775.
Uta D, Ishibashi N, Tao S, Sawahata M, Kume T, 2024. Photobiomodulation inhibits neuronal firing in the superficial but not deep layer of a rat spinal dorsal horn. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 710: 149873.
de Oliveira ME, Da Silva JT, Brioschi ML, Chacur M, 2021. Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on neuropathic pain in rats: Evaluation of nociceptive mediators and infrared thermography. Lasers Med Sci 36: 1461–1467.
Tomazoni SS, Costa LOP, Joensen J, Stausholm MB, Naterstad IF, Ernberg M, Leal-Junior ECP, Bjordal JM, 2021. Photobiomodulation therapy is able to modulate PGE2 levels in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lasers Surg Med 53: 236–244.
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This case report describes the use of photobiomodulation (PBM) as a complementary therapy in a 45-year-old patient with mammary tuberculosis (TB). The patient received conventional treatment, including antibiotic therapy and analgesics. Three months after the diagnosis, breast pain persisted (Visual Analog Scale [VAS] score: 8), and the mammary lesions had not healed. Adjuvant treatment with PBM (660 nm and 808 nm lasers, 100 mW, 3,333 mW/cm2, 20 J per session) was performed over 12 sessions in 38 days. After four PBM sessions, the patient reported no pain (VAS score: 0) and stopped using analgesics. Complete healing of the mammary lesions was observed after 12 sessions. The use of PBM was associated with improvements in tissue repair, pain control, and healing of lesions resulting from mammary TB.
Financial support: This study was supported by the
Disclosures: The methodology of this case study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Research in Humans at the Universidade Nove de Julho (6.573.751), and the patient consented to participate by signing an informed consent form.
Current contact information: Ellen da Silva, Rodrigo Labat Marcos, Thomas Stravinskas Durigon, Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini Horliana, Sandra Kalil Bussadori, Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari, Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes, and Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez Duran, Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics-Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil, E-mails: ellendasilva.enf@gmail.com, labat@uni9.pro.br, thomas.durigon13@gmail.com, annacrth@gmail.com, sandra.skb@gmail.com, raquel.mesquita@gmail.com, kristianneporta@gmail.com, and cinthya.cgduran@gmail.com. Flávia Telles Marques, Ellen Cristina Zamberlan Milan, Flávia Roberta Nagano, Edneia Siquiera, and Carolina Coelho Cunha, Francisco Moran Municipal Hospital of Barueri, São Paulo, Brazil, E-mails: flavia.marques@hmb.spdm.org.br, ellen.milan@hmb.spdm.org.br, flavia.nagano@hmb.spdm.org.br, edneia.siqueira@hmb.spdm.org.br, and carolinacunha89@gmail.com.
World Health Organization, 2021. WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis: Module 2: Screening – Systematic Screening for Tuberculosis Disease. Geneva: WHO.
Yadav S, Rawal G, 2021. Primary multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with a concomitante COVID-19 infection in an Indian female- World’s first case of its type in this current pandemic. J Family Med Prim Care 10: 3922–3924.
Jones-López EC, Acuña-Villaorduña C, Ssebidandi M, Gaeddert M, Kubiak RW, Ayakaka I, White LF, Joloba M, Okwera A, Fennelly KP, 2016. Cough aerosols of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the prediction of incident tuberculosis disease in household contacts. Clin Infect Dis 63: 10–20.
Sinha R, Rahul, 2019. Breast tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 66: 6–11.
Zhang W, Zhang Y, Yang G, Yu T, 2020. Features of breast tuberculosis determined by ultrasound imaging: Report of 45 cases. J Int Med Res 48: 300060520910891.
Singal R, Dalal AK, Dalal U, Attri AK, 2013. Primary tuberculosis of the breast presented as multiple discharge sinuses. Indian J Surg 75: 66–67.
Huang YY, Chen AC, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR, 2009. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy. Dose Response 7: 358–383.
de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR, 2016. Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 22: 7000417.
Hamblin MR, 2017. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophys 4: 337–361.
Deana AM, de Souza AM, Teixeira VP, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, 2018. The impact of photobiomodulation on osteoblast-like cell: A review. Lasers Med Sci 33: 1147–1158.
Topaloglu N, Özdemir M, Çevik ZBY, 2021. Comparative analysis of the light parameters of red and near-infrared diode lasers to induce photobiomodulation on fibroblasts and keratinocytes: An in vitro study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 37: 253–262.
Victor EC, Goulardins J, Cardoso VO, Costa Silva RE, Brugnera A, Bussadori SK, Santos Fernandes KP, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, 2021. Effect of photobiomodulation in lipopolysaccharide-treated myoblasts.Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 39: 30–37.
Jana-Neto FC et al., 2023. Effects of multiwavelength photobiomodulation for the treatment of traumatic soft tissue injuries associated with bone fractures: A double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. J Biophotonics 16: e202200299.
Ferreira RC, Cecatto RB, Perez ST, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Bussadori SK, Duran CC, Horliana ACT, Fernandes KPS, 2024. Adjuvant effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: A case series. J Biophotonics 17: e202300412.
de Abreu Chaves ME, Araújo AR, Santos SF, Pinotti M, Oliveira LS, 2012. LED phototherapy improves healing of nipple trauma: A pilot study. Photomed Laser Surg 30: 172–178.
Coca KP, Marcacine KO, Gamba MA, Corrêa L, Aranha AC, Abrão AC, 2016. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in relieving nipple pain in breastfeeding women: A triple-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Pain Manag Nurs 17: 281–289.
Strouthos I, Chatzikonstantinou G, Tselis N, Bon D, Karagiannis E, Zoga E, Ferentinos K, Maximenko J, Nikolettou-Fischer V, Zamboglou N, 2017. Photobiomodulation therapy for the management of radiation-induced dermatitis: A single-institution experience of adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer patients after breast conserving surgery. Strahlenther Onkol 193: 491–498.
Leyane TS, Jere SW, Houreld NN, 2021. Cellular signalling and photobiomodulation in chronic wound repair. Int J Mol Sci 22: 11223.
Pavlov S, Babenko N, Kumetchko M, Litvinova O, Valilshchykov M, 2022. Features of cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-gulation of reparative processes in chronic wounds using photobiomodulation therapy. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 64: 260–266.
Chen P, Zou Y, Liu Y, Han W, Zhang M, Wu Y, Yin R, 2024. Low-level photodynamic therapy in chronic wounds. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 46: 104085.
Cheng W, Yao M, Sun K, Li W, 2020. Progress in photobiomodulation for bone fractures: A narrative review. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 38: 260–271.
Dompe C et al., 2020. Photobiomodulation – Underlying mechanism and clinical applications. J Clin Med 9: 1724.
Camargo BTS, Coca KP, Amir LH, Corrêa L, Aranha ACC, Marcacine KO, Abuchaim ÉSV, Abrão ACFV, 2020. The effect of a single irradiation of low-level laser on nipple pain in breastfeeding women: A randomized controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci 35: 63–69.
Barbosa MLA, de Sousa MNA, Medeiros LGS, Costa MLA, Alves ARG, Suarez LAB, Nogueira RBSS, Nogueira TBSS, Daltro MCSL, 2023. Laserterapia aplicada a fissura mamilar.Conjecturas 23: 262–272.
Cirico MOV, Shimoda GT, Silva IA, de Sousa MVP, de Castro R, McArthur A, 2021. Effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy for nipple pain or nipple trauma in lactating women: A systematic review protocol. JBI Evid Synth 19: 614–621.
de Brito AA et al., 2024. Effect of photobiomodulation in the balance between effector and regulatory T cells in an experimental model of COPD. Front Med (Lausanne) 11: 1347517.
de Brito Sousa K, Rodrigues MFSD, de Souza Santos D, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Nunes FD, de Fátima Teixeira da Silva D, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, 2020. Differential expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators by M1 and M2 macrophages after photobiomodulation with red or infrared lasers. Lasers Med Sci 35: 337–343.
Martinelli A, Andreo L, Alves AN, Terena SML, Santos TC, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KPS, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, 2021. Photobiomodulation modulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines during the compensatory hypertrophy process in skeletal muscle. Lasers Med Sci 36: 791–802.
Tobelem DDC, Andreo L, Silva T, Malavazzi TCS, Martinelli A, Horliana ACRT, Fernandes KPS, Bussadori SK, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, 2023. Systemic vascular photobiomodulation accelerates the recovery of motor activity in rats following spinal cord injury. Lasers Surg Med 55: 577–589.
Cunha JLS, Carvalho FMA, Pereira Filho RN, Ribeiro MAG, de Albuquerque-Júnior RLC, 2019. Effects of different protocols of low-level laser therapy on collagen deposition in wound healing. Braz Dent J 30: 317–324.
Chen AC-H et al., 2011. Low-level laser therapy activates NF-kB via generation of reactive oxygen species in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. PLoS One 6: e22453.
Fushimi T, Inui S, Nakajima T, Ogasawara M, Hosokawa K, Itami S, 2012. Green light emitting diodes accelerate wound healing: Characterization of the effect and its molecular basis in vitro and in vivo. Wound Repair Regen 20: 226–235.
Yin K, Zhu R, Wang S, Zhao RC, 2017. Low-level laser effect on proliferation, migration, and antiapoptosis of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 26: 762–775.
Uta D, Ishibashi N, Tao S, Sawahata M, Kume T, 2024. Photobiomodulation inhibits neuronal firing in the superficial but not deep layer of a rat spinal dorsal horn. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 710: 149873.
de Oliveira ME, Da Silva JT, Brioschi ML, Chacur M, 2021. Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on neuropathic pain in rats: Evaluation of nociceptive mediators and infrared thermography. Lasers Med Sci 36: 1461–1467.
Tomazoni SS, Costa LOP, Joensen J, Stausholm MB, Naterstad IF, Ernberg M, Leal-Junior ECP, Bjordal JM, 2021. Photobiomodulation therapy is able to modulate PGE2 levels in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lasers Surg Med 53: 236–244.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1562 | 1562 | 865 |
Full Text Views | 18 | 18 | 13 |
PDF Downloads | 13 | 13 | 8 |