Author:
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1.
Radlović N, Leković Z, Vuletić B, Radlović V, Simić D, 2015. Acute diarrhea in children. Srp Arh Celok Lek 143: 755–762.
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Siciliano V, Nista EC, Rosà T, Brigida M, Franceschi F, 2020. Clinical management of infectious diarrhea. Rev Recent Clin Trials 15: 298–308.
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Yoon JM, Park JY, Ko KO, Lim JW, Cheon EJ, Kim HJ, 2014. Fecal calprotectin concentration in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Korean J Pediatr 57: 351–356.
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MacQueen BC et al., 2016. Elevated fecal calprotectin levels during necrotizing enterocolitis are associated with activated neutrophils extruding neutrophil extracellular traps. J Perinatol 36: 862–869.
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Abdelkader M, Mesbah BE-D, Khashana A, 2019. Fecal calprotectin level in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. Iran J Neonatol 10: 7–13.
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Zhang M, Zhang X, Zhang J, 2016. Diagnostic value of fecal calprotectin in preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Lab 62: 863–869.
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11.
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12.
Hamade B, Huang DT, 2020. Procalcitonin: Where are we now? Crit Care Clin 36: 23–40.
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13.
Tan M, Lu Y, Jiang H, Zhang L, 2019. The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cell Biochem 120: 5852–5859.
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Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim M, Kim Y, Woo SH, Lee WJ, 2019. Procalcitonin as a prognostic marker for sepsis based on SEPSIS-3. J Clin Lab Anal 33: e22996.
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15.
Wang X, Song Y, 2018. The diagnostic value of procalcitonin in pediatric infectious diseases and its guidance for rational use of antibiotics. Chinese J Lab Diagnosis 6:858–860.
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16.
Jin P, 2003. Medical Statistics, 2nd Edition. Shanghai, China: Fudan University Press; 322.
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17.
Fan J, Li M, Wu Q, Chen C, 2019. Diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea in children: 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Chinese J Applied Clin Pediatr 34: 1121–1126.
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18.
Zhang Y, Ma Z, 2011. Clinical analysis of rotavirus enteritis and extraintestinal damage in children. Guangdong Med J 32: 766–768.
-
19.
Yang X-L, Bai J, Song Z-X, Zhang J, Liang M, 2020. Value of serum procalcitonin combined with soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral diarrhea in children. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 22: 887–891.
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20.
Ducarmon QR, Zwittink RD, Hornung BVH, van Schaik W, Young VB, Kuijper EJ, 2019. Gut microbiota and colonization resistance against bacterial enteric infection. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 83: e00007–e00019.
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23.
Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ, 2018. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol 9: 754.
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24.
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25.
Burri E, Beglinger C, 2014. The use of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker in gastrointestinal disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 8: 197–210.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 1480 | 1480 | 841 |
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The Value of Fecal Calprotectin Combined with Procalcitonin in the Differential Diagnosis of Bacterial and Viral Diarrhea in Children
Qi Guo
qiguogq1925@163.com
Qi Guo
Department of Pediatrics, Anhui No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, China;
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Hui Guo
Hui Guo
Anhui Province Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Hefei, China
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Xia Xu
Xia Xu
Department of Pediatrics, Anhui No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, China;
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ABSTRACT.
Infectious diarrhea frequently occurs in children, and accurate diagnosis is essential for providing prompt treatment. Fecal calprotectin (FC) and procalcitonin (PCT) are useful in differentiating types of infectious diarrhea. Therefore, this study aims to assess the value of combining FC and PCT in the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral diarrhea in children. As a retrospective study, convenience sampling was used to include 60 children with acute bacterial diarrhea (bacterial group) and 70 children with acute viral diarrhea (viral group) who were admitted to hospitals in China between October 2019 and October 2021. The demographic characteristics, medical history, and laboratory data of the children were collected and compared. The proportions of children with myocardial and liver damage were lower in the bacterial group than in the viral group, and the proportions of children with bloody stool and purulent stool were higher in the bacterial group than in the viral group (all P <0.001). The levels of FC, PCT, C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cells (WBCs) were elevated in patients in the bacterial group compared with those in the viral group (all P <0.05). The FC, PCT, CRP, and WBC count values are valuable in the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral diarrhea, and the area under the curve of FC combined with PCT for the differential diagnosis was the largest at 0.933, with a 95% CI of 0.856–0.955. Fecal calprotectin is superior to PCT, CRP, and WBC count in terms of guiding the differential diagnosis. The combination of FC and PCT provides better guidance for differential diagnosis than each indicator used individually.
Author Notes
Disclosures: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. This study was not supported by any funding. The original data are available upon request from the corresponding author. This study was approved by the hospital ethics committee, and the guardians of the participants signed informed consent forms.
Current contact information: Qi Guo and Xia Xu, Department of Pediatrics, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Hefei, China, E-mails: qiguogq1925@163.com and xu_xxxia22@21cn.com. Hui Guo, Anhui Province Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Hefei, China, E-mail: guohu_1205@21cn.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Radlović N, Leković Z, Vuletić B, Radlović V, Simić D, 2015. Acute diarrhea in children. Srp Arh Celok Lek 143: 755–762.
-
2.
Siciliano V, Nista EC, Rosà T, Brigida M, Franceschi F, 2020. Clinical management of infectious diarrhea. Rev Recent Clin Trials 15: 298–308.
-
3.
Florez ID, Niño-Serna LF, Beltrán-Arroyave CP, 2020. Acute infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children. Curr Infect Dis Rep 22: 4.
-
4.
Humphries RM, Linscott AJ, 2015. Practical guidance for clinical microbiology laboratories: Diagnosis of bacterial gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Rev 28: 3–31.
-
5.
Bányai K, Estes MK, Martella V, Parashar UD, 2018. Viral gastroenteritis. Lancet 392: 175–186.
-
6.
Selvig D et al., 2020. Fecal microbiota transplantation in pouchitis: Clinical, endoscopic, histologic, and microbiota results from a pilot study.Dig Dis Sci 65: 1099–1106.
-
7.
Yoon JM, Park JY, Ko KO, Lim JW, Cheon EJ, Kim HJ, 2014. Fecal calprotectin concentration in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Korean J Pediatr 57: 351–356.
-
8.
MacQueen BC et al., 2016. Elevated fecal calprotectin levels during necrotizing enterocolitis are associated with activated neutrophils extruding neutrophil extracellular traps. J Perinatol 36: 862–869.
-
9.
Abdelkader M, Mesbah BE-D, Khashana A, 2019. Fecal calprotectin level in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. Iran J Neonatol 10: 7–13.
-
10.
Zhang M, Zhang X, Zhang J, 2016. Diagnostic value of fecal calprotectin in preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Lab 62: 863–869.
-
11.
Chen CC, Huang JL, Chang CJ, Kong MS, 2012. Fecal calprotectin as a correlative marker in clinical severity of infectious diarrhea and usefulness in evaluating bacterial or viral pathogens in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55: 541–547.
-
12.
Hamade B, Huang DT, 2020. Procalcitonin: Where are we now? Crit Care Clin 36: 23–40.
-
13.
Tan M, Lu Y, Jiang H, Zhang L, 2019. The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cell Biochem 120: 5852–5859.
-
14.
Jekarl DW, Lee S, Kim M, Kim Y, Woo SH, Lee WJ, 2019. Procalcitonin as a prognostic marker for sepsis based on SEPSIS-3. J Clin Lab Anal 33: e22996.
-
15.
Wang X, Song Y, 2018. The diagnostic value of procalcitonin in pediatric infectious diseases and its guidance for rational use of antibiotics. Chinese J Lab Diagnosis 6:858–860.
-
16.
Jin P, 2003. Medical Statistics, 2nd Edition. Shanghai, China: Fudan University Press; 322.
-
17.
Fan J, Li M, Wu Q, Chen C, 2019. Diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea in children: 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Chinese J Applied Clin Pediatr 34: 1121–1126.
-
18.
Zhang Y, Ma Z, 2011. Clinical analysis of rotavirus enteritis and extraintestinal damage in children. Guangdong Med J 32: 766–768.
-
19.
Yang X-L, Bai J, Song Z-X, Zhang J, Liang M, 2020. Value of serum procalcitonin combined with soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral diarrhea in children. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 22: 887–891.
-
20.
Ducarmon QR, Zwittink RD, Hornung BVH, van Schaik W, Young VB, Kuijper EJ, 2019. Gut microbiota and colonization resistance against bacterial enteric infection. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 83: e00007–e00019.
-
21.
Fajfr M, Neubauerová V, Fajfrová J, 2012. Viral gastroenteritis. Klin Mikrobiol Infekc Lek 18: 11–16.
-
22.
Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P, 2013. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 13: 159–175.
-
23.
Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ, 2018. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol 9: 754.
-
24.
Mierzchała-Pasierb M, Lipińska-Gediga M, 2019. Sepsis diagnosis and monitoring – Procalcitonin as standard, but what next? Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 51: 299–305.
-
25.
Burri E, Beglinger C, 2014. The use of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker in gastrointestinal disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 8: 197–210.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1480 | 1480 | 841 |
| Full Text Views | 18 | 18 | 10 |
| PDF Downloads | 19 | 19 | 11 |