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-
1.
Reynolds KA, Mena KD, Gerba CP, 2008. Risk of waterborne illness via drinking water in the United States. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 192: 117–158.
-
2.
Ryan U, Lawler S, Reid S, 2017. Limiting swimming pool outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis – The roles of regulations, staff, patrons and research. J Water Health 15: 1–16.
-
3.
Lynn MK, Morrissey JA, Conserve DF, 2021. Soil-transmitted helminths in the USA: A review of five common parasites and future directions for avenues of enhanced epidemiologic inquiry. Curr Trop Med Rep 8: 32–42.
-
4.
Singer R, Xu TH, Herrera LNS, Villar MJ, Faust KM, Hotez PJ, Aiken ARA, Mejia R, 2020. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in a low-income Texas community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102: 1386–1395.
-
5.
Escobedo LG, Homedes N, von Alt K, Escobedo MA, 2004. Intestinal parasites in children from three west Texas border communities. J Sch Health 74: 411–413.
-
6.
Zheng M, Wutich A, Brewis A, Kavouras S, 2022. Health impacts of water and sanitation insecurity in the Global North: A scoping literature review for U.S. colonias on the Mexico border. J Water Health 20: 1329–1342.
-
7.
U.S. Census Bureau. QuickFacts: Starr County, Texas. Available at: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/starrcountytexas. Accessed December 3, 2021.
-
8.
Essigmann HT, Aguilar DA, Perkison WB, Bay KG, Deaton MR, Brown SA, Hanis CL, Brown EL, 2022. Epidemiology of antibiotic use and drivers of cross-border procurement in a Mexican American border community. Front Public Health 10: 832266.
-
9.
Mejia R, Vicuna Y, Broncano N, Sandoval C, Vaca M, Chico M, Cooper PJ, Nutman TB, 2013. A novel, multi-parallel, real-time polymerase chain reaction approach for eight gastrointestinal parasites provides improved diagnostic capabilities to resource-limited at-risk populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 1041–1047.
-
10.
Singh GK, 2003. Area deprivation and widening inequalities in US mortality, 1969–1998. Am J Public Health 93: 1137–1143.
-
11.
Colonias Database. Ken Paxton, Office of the Attorney General of Texas. Available at: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/divisions/colonias-database. Accessed September 28, 2022.
-
12.
Fahim SM, Gazi MA, Hasan MM, Alam MA, Das S, Mahfuz M, Rahman MM, Haque R, Sarker SA, Ahmed T, 2021. Infection with Blastocystis spp. and its association with enteric infections and environmental enteric dysfunction among slum-dwelling malnourished adults in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009684.
-
13.
Chabé M, Lokmer A, Ségurel L, 2017. Gut protozoa: Friends or foes of the human gut microbiota? Trends Parasitol 33: 925–934.
-
14.
Tan KSW, 2008. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 639–665.
-
15.
Popruk S, Adao DEV, Rivera WL, 2021. Epidemiology and subtype distribution of Blastocystis in humans: A review. Infect Genet Evol 95: 105085.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Epidemiologic Investigation of Protozoa and Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Starr County, Texas
Lauren M. Leining
Lauren M. Leining
Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas;
Department of Epidemiology, UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas;
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William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas;
Department of Epidemiology, UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas;
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Timothy A. Erickson
Timothy A. Erickson
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas;
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Craig L. Hanis
Craig L. Hanis
Department of Epidemiology, UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas;
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Cici Bauer
Cici Bauer
Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
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Maya D. Murry
Maya D. Murry
Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas;
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William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas;
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Eric L. Brown
Eric L. Brown
Department of Epidemiology, UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas;
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Rojelio Mejia
Rojelio Mejia
Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
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Sarah M. Gunter
sarah.gunter@bcm.edu
Sarah M. Gunter
Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas;
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William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas;
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ABSTRACT.
The burden of pathogenic enteric protozoa and soil-transmitted helminths among impoverished populations living on the Texas–Mexico border is unclear. We conducted a cross-sectional study on an ongoing longitudinal cohort of 616 adults residing in Starr County, Texas. A total of 359 adults were screened for four protozoa and five soil-transmitted helminths by using real-time polymerase chain reaction. This analysis identified 48 (13.4%) participants who tested positive for Blastocystis sp., three (0.8%) who tested positive for Giardia intestinalis, and one (0.3%) who tested positive for Strongyloides stercoralis and was also coinfected with Blastocystis sp. Infection was significantly associated with age, a lack of health insurance, and living outside of a colonia. We recommend additional epidemiologic investigations to examine risk factors contributing to protozoa and soil-transmitted helminth disease transmission in border counties.
Author Notes
Financial support: Cohort data and biospecimens were collected through
Disclosure: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB# HSC-SPH-06-0225) at The University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health in Houston, Texas.
Current contact information: Lauren M. Leining, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, and William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, E-mail: lauren.m.leining@uth.tmc.edu. Timothy A. Erickson, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, E-mail: timerickson@tamu.edu. Craig L. Hanis, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, E-mail: craig.l.hanis@uth.tmc.edu. Cici Bauer, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, and Center for Spatial-Temporal Modeling for Applications in Population Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, E-mail: cici.x.bauer@uth.tmc.edu. Maya D. Murry, Rojelio Mejia, and Sarah M. Gunter, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, and William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, E-mails: maya.murry@bcm.edu, rojelio.mejia@bcm.edu, and sarah.gunter@bcm.edu. Eric L. Brown, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, E-mail: eric.l.brown@uth.tmc.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Reynolds KA, Mena KD, Gerba CP, 2008. Risk of waterborne illness via drinking water in the United States. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 192: 117–158.
-
2.
Ryan U, Lawler S, Reid S, 2017. Limiting swimming pool outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis – The roles of regulations, staff, patrons and research. J Water Health 15: 1–16.
-
3.
Lynn MK, Morrissey JA, Conserve DF, 2021. Soil-transmitted helminths in the USA: A review of five common parasites and future directions for avenues of enhanced epidemiologic inquiry. Curr Trop Med Rep 8: 32–42.
-
4.
Singer R, Xu TH, Herrera LNS, Villar MJ, Faust KM, Hotez PJ, Aiken ARA, Mejia R, 2020. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in a low-income Texas community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102: 1386–1395.
-
5.
Escobedo LG, Homedes N, von Alt K, Escobedo MA, 2004. Intestinal parasites in children from three west Texas border communities. J Sch Health 74: 411–413.
-
6.
Zheng M, Wutich A, Brewis A, Kavouras S, 2022. Health impacts of water and sanitation insecurity in the Global North: A scoping literature review for U.S. colonias on the Mexico border. J Water Health 20: 1329–1342.
-
7.
U.S. Census Bureau. QuickFacts: Starr County, Texas. Available at: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/starrcountytexas. Accessed December 3, 2021.
-
8.
Essigmann HT, Aguilar DA, Perkison WB, Bay KG, Deaton MR, Brown SA, Hanis CL, Brown EL, 2022. Epidemiology of antibiotic use and drivers of cross-border procurement in a Mexican American border community. Front Public Health 10: 832266.
-
9.
Mejia R, Vicuna Y, Broncano N, Sandoval C, Vaca M, Chico M, Cooper PJ, Nutman TB, 2013. A novel, multi-parallel, real-time polymerase chain reaction approach for eight gastrointestinal parasites provides improved diagnostic capabilities to resource-limited at-risk populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 1041–1047.
-
10.
Singh GK, 2003. Area deprivation and widening inequalities in US mortality, 1969–1998. Am J Public Health 93: 1137–1143.
-
11.
Colonias Database. Ken Paxton, Office of the Attorney General of Texas. Available at: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/divisions/colonias-database. Accessed September 28, 2022.
-
12.
Fahim SM, Gazi MA, Hasan MM, Alam MA, Das S, Mahfuz M, Rahman MM, Haque R, Sarker SA, Ahmed T, 2021. Infection with Blastocystis spp. and its association with enteric infections and environmental enteric dysfunction among slum-dwelling malnourished adults in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009684.
-
13.
Chabé M, Lokmer A, Ségurel L, 2017. Gut protozoa: Friends or foes of the human gut microbiota? Trends Parasitol 33: 925–934.
-
14.
Tan KSW, 2008. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 639–665.
-
15.
Popruk S, Adao DEV, Rivera WL, 2021. Epidemiology and subtype distribution of Blastocystis in humans: A review. Infect Genet Evol 95: 105085.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 27770 | 27770 | 777 |
| Full Text Views | 75 | 75 | 13 |
| PDF Downloads | 42 | 42 | 15 |