Risk Prediction of Emerging Sites Infested with Schistosome-Transmitting Oncomelania hupensis in Shanghai, China

Yu Zhou Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China;
Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China;
Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China;

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Yanjun Jin Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Yanfeng Gong Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China;
Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China;
Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China;

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Junhui Huang Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China;
Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China;
Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China;

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Jiamin Wang Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China;
Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China;
Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China;

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Ning Xu Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China;
Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China;
Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China;

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Qingwu Jiang Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China;
Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China;
Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China;

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Qing Yu Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Yibiao Zhou Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China;
Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China;
Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China;

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ABSTRACT.

Oncomelania hupensis, the sole intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, plays an essential role in the transmission of schistosomiasis. In 1985, snails were eliminated throughout Shanghai city. However, snail-infested sites have continuously emerged since the 1990s. The resurgence of snail habitats may signal the recurrence of schistosomiasis. Therefore, implementing continuous monitoring measures for snails is crucial, and predicting potential habitats for snails in Shanghai is essential for enhancing surveillance effectiveness, providing early warnings to health authorities, optimizing resource allocation, maintaining the elimination status of schistosomiasis in Shanghai, and ultimately, advancing the goal of eliminating schistosomiasis in China. Our research developed an ensemble model to predict the current and future distributions of snails in Shanghai by collecting emerging snail-infested records from 1991 to 2020 and integrating them with 19 environmental variables, including climate, geography, and socioeconomics. The ensemble model identified the annual average surface temperature as the most significant factor influencing snail occurrence. The highly suitable areas were primarily located in the northwestern part of Jinshan District and the southern part of Songjiang District. In the future, the southwestern part of Shanghai will continue to provide suitable habitats for snails in the long term. Therefore, even in areas where schistosomiasis has been eliminated, surveillance of snails and the disease should not be relaxed, and ongoing monitoring in these areas is necessary.

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Author Notes

Financial support: This research was supported by the Three-Year Initiative Plan for Strengthening Public Health System Construction in Shanghai (2023–2025) Key Discipline Project (Grant no. GWVI-11.1-12) and the Sixth Round of the Three-Year Public Health Action Plan of Shanghai (Grant no. GWVI-11.1-13).

Current contact information: Yu Zhou, Yanfeng Gong, Junhui Huang, Jiamin Wang, Ning Xu, Qingwu Jiang, and Yibiao Zhou, Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China, and Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China, E-mails: 23211020080@m.fudan.edu.cn, 22111020031@m.fudan.edu, 22211020054@m.fudan.edu.cn, 22211020179@m.fudan.edu.cn, 21111020043@m.fudan.edu.cn, jiangqw@fudan.edu.cn, and z_yibiao@hotmail.com. Yanjun Jin and Qing Yu, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China, E-mails: jinyanjun@scdc.sh.cn and yuqing_1@scdc.sh.cn.

Address correspondence to Qing Yu, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 West Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200336, China. E-mail: yuqing_1@scdc.sh.cn or Yibiao Zhou, Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Rd., Shanghai 200032, China. E-mail: z_yibiao@hotmail.com
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