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1.
Crudo Blackburn C, Yan SM, McCormick D, Herrera LN, Iordanov RB, Bailey MD, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Mejia R, 2024. Parasitic contamination of soil in the southern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 111: 506–514.
-
2.
Isenbarger TA, Carr CE, Johnson SS, Finney M, Church GM, Gilbert W, Zuber MT, Ruvkun G, 2008. The most conserved genome segments for life detection on Earth and other planets. Orig Life Evol Biosph 38: 517–533.
-
3.
Davey ML, Utaaker KS, Fossoy F, 2021. Characterizing parasitic nematode faunas in faeces and soil using DNA metabarcoding. Parasit Vectors 14: 422.
-
4.
Kawanobe M, Toyota K, Ritz K, 2021. Development and application of a DNA metabarcoding method for comprehensive analysis of soil nematode communities. Appl Soil Ecol 166: 103974.
-
5.
Lentendu G, Lara E, Geisen S, 2023. Metabarcoding approaches for soil eukaryotes, protists, and microfauna. Methods Mol Biol 2605: 1–16.
-
6.
Kahler AM, Hofstetter J, Arrowood M, Peterson A, Jacobson D, Barratt J, da Silva A, Rodrigues C, Mattioli MC, 2024. Sources and prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in southeastern U.S. growing environments. J Food Prot 87: 100309.
-
7.
Stadhouders R, Pas SD, Anber J, Voermans J, Mes TH, Schutten M, 2010. The effect of primer-template mismatches on the detection and quantification of nucleic acids using the 5′ nuclease assay. J Mol Diagn 12: 109–117.
-
8.
Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Albert A, El Alaoui H, Delbac F, Livrelli V, 2011. Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Blastocystis parasites in human stool samples: Prospective study of patients with hematological malignancies. J Clin Microbiol 49: 975–983.
-
9.
McKenna ML, McAtee S, Bryan PE, Jeun R, Ward T, Kraus J, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Flowers CC, Mejia R, 2017. Human intestinal parasite burden and poor sanitation in rural Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 1623–1628.
-
10.
Poole C, Barker T, Bradbury R, Capone D, Chatham AH, Handali S, Rodriguez E, Qvarnstrom Y, Brown J, 2023. Cross-sectional study of soil-transmitted helminthiases in Black Belt region of Alabama, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 29: 2461–2470.
-
11.
Bradbury RS et al., 2023. Surveillance for soil-transmitted helminths in high-risk county, Mississippi, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 29: 2533–2537.
-
12.
Sweet S, Hegarty E, McCrann DJ, Coyne M, Kincaid D, Szlosek D, 2021. A 3-year retrospective analysis of canine intestinal parasites: Fecal testing positivity by age, U.S. geographical region and reason for veterinary visit. Parasit Vectors 14: 173.
-
13.
Savadelis MD, Evans CC, Mabry KH, LeFavi LN, Klink BD, von Simson C, Moorhead AR, 2019. Canine gastrointestinal nematode transmission potential in municipal dog parks in the southeast United States. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 18: 100324.
-
14.
Little SE et al., 2009. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet dogs in the United States. Vet Parasitol 166: 144–152.
-
15.
Anderson TC, Foster GW, Forrester DJ, 2003. Hookworms of feral cats in Florida. Vet Parasitol 115: 19–24.
-
16.
Traversa D, 2012. Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming. Parasit Vectors 5: 91.
-
17.
Davidson WR, 1976. Endoparasites of selected populations of gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in the southeastern United States. Proc Helminthological Soc Washington 43: 211–217.
-
18.
Welborn TC, 1975. Some Physiological Parameters and Gastrointestinal Helminths of the Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinesis) in Tennessee. Master’s Thesis, University of Tennessee: Knoxville, TN.
-
19.
Schaffer GD, Davidson WR, Nettles VF, Rollor EA 3rd, 1981. Helminth parasites of translocated raccoons (Procyon lotor) in the southeastern United States. J Wildl Dis 17: 217–227.
-
20.
Jimenez PA, Jaimes JE, Ramirez JD, 2019. A summary of Blastocystis subtypes in North and South America. Parasit Vectors 12: 376.
-
21.
Cai W, Ryan U, Xiao L, Feng Y, 2021. Zoonotic giardiasis: An update.Parasitol Res 120: 4199–4218.
-
22.
Fakhri Y, Gasser RB, Rostami A, Fan CK, Ghasemi SM, Javanian M, Bayani M, Armoon B, Moradi B, 2018. Toxocara eggs in public places worldwide—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut 242: 1467–1475.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 24790 | 24790 | 7091 |
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Is Parasitic Contamination of Soil in the Southern United States Related to Poverty and Does It Represent a Human Health Threat? A Perspective
Joel L. N. Barratt
nsk9@cdc.gov
Joel L. N. Barratt
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Paul T. Cantey
Paul T. Cantey
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Susan P. Montgomery
Susan P. Montgomery
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Anne Straily
Anne Straily
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Sarah G. H. Sapp
Sarah G. H. Sapp
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Yvonne Qvarnstrom
Yvonne Qvarnstrom
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Brian H. Raphael
Brian H. Raphael
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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ABSTRACT.
In recent years, multiple reports have emerged describing real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection of DNA derived from human parasite species in environmental soil samples. In one such report, sampling was focused in impoverished areas of the southeastern United States, and a link between poverty and the presence of parasite DNA in soil was proposed. Whether transmission of certain parasitic diseases persists in the United States in association with poverty remains an important question. However, we emphasize caution when reviewing interpretations drawn solely from qPCR detection of parasite-derived environmental DNA without further verification. We discuss here the limitations of using qPCR to test environmental DNA samples, the need for sampling strategies that are unbiased and repeatable, and the importance of selecting appropriate control areas and statistical tests to draw meaningful conclusions.
Author Notes
Disclosures: The findings and conclusions of this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of CDC.
Current contact information: Joel L. N. Barratt, Paul T. Cantey, Susan P. Montgomery, Anne Straily, Sarah G. H. Sapp, Yvonne Qvarnstrom, and Brian H. Raphael, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: nsk9@cdc.gov, gdn9@cdc.gov, zqu6@cdc.gov, yzv2@cdc.gov, xyz6@cdc.gov, bvp2@cdc.gov, and elx9@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Crudo Blackburn C, Yan SM, McCormick D, Herrera LN, Iordanov RB, Bailey MD, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Mejia R, 2024. Parasitic contamination of soil in the southern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 111: 506–514.
-
2.
Isenbarger TA, Carr CE, Johnson SS, Finney M, Church GM, Gilbert W, Zuber MT, Ruvkun G, 2008. The most conserved genome segments for life detection on Earth and other planets. Orig Life Evol Biosph 38: 517–533.
-
3.
Davey ML, Utaaker KS, Fossoy F, 2021. Characterizing parasitic nematode faunas in faeces and soil using DNA metabarcoding. Parasit Vectors 14: 422.
-
4.
Kawanobe M, Toyota K, Ritz K, 2021. Development and application of a DNA metabarcoding method for comprehensive analysis of soil nematode communities. Appl Soil Ecol 166: 103974.
-
5.
Lentendu G, Lara E, Geisen S, 2023. Metabarcoding approaches for soil eukaryotes, protists, and microfauna. Methods Mol Biol 2605: 1–16.
-
6.
Kahler AM, Hofstetter J, Arrowood M, Peterson A, Jacobson D, Barratt J, da Silva A, Rodrigues C, Mattioli MC, 2024. Sources and prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in southeastern U.S. growing environments. J Food Prot 87: 100309.
-
7.
Stadhouders R, Pas SD, Anber J, Voermans J, Mes TH, Schutten M, 2010. The effect of primer-template mismatches on the detection and quantification of nucleic acids using the 5′ nuclease assay. J Mol Diagn 12: 109–117.
-
8.
Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Albert A, El Alaoui H, Delbac F, Livrelli V, 2011. Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Blastocystis parasites in human stool samples: Prospective study of patients with hematological malignancies. J Clin Microbiol 49: 975–983.
-
9.
McKenna ML, McAtee S, Bryan PE, Jeun R, Ward T, Kraus J, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Flowers CC, Mejia R, 2017. Human intestinal parasite burden and poor sanitation in rural Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 1623–1628.
-
10.
Poole C, Barker T, Bradbury R, Capone D, Chatham AH, Handali S, Rodriguez E, Qvarnstrom Y, Brown J, 2023. Cross-sectional study of soil-transmitted helminthiases in Black Belt region of Alabama, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 29: 2461–2470.
-
11.
Bradbury RS et al., 2023. Surveillance for soil-transmitted helminths in high-risk county, Mississippi, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 29: 2533–2537.
-
12.
Sweet S, Hegarty E, McCrann DJ, Coyne M, Kincaid D, Szlosek D, 2021. A 3-year retrospective analysis of canine intestinal parasites: Fecal testing positivity by age, U.S. geographical region and reason for veterinary visit. Parasit Vectors 14: 173.
-
13.
Savadelis MD, Evans CC, Mabry KH, LeFavi LN, Klink BD, von Simson C, Moorhead AR, 2019. Canine gastrointestinal nematode transmission potential in municipal dog parks in the southeast United States. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 18: 100324.
-
14.
Little SE et al., 2009. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet dogs in the United States. Vet Parasitol 166: 144–152.
-
15.
Anderson TC, Foster GW, Forrester DJ, 2003. Hookworms of feral cats in Florida. Vet Parasitol 115: 19–24.
-
16.
Traversa D, 2012. Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming. Parasit Vectors 5: 91.
-
17.
Davidson WR, 1976. Endoparasites of selected populations of gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in the southeastern United States. Proc Helminthological Soc Washington 43: 211–217.
-
18.
Welborn TC, 1975. Some Physiological Parameters and Gastrointestinal Helminths of the Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinesis) in Tennessee. Master’s Thesis, University of Tennessee: Knoxville, TN.
-
19.
Schaffer GD, Davidson WR, Nettles VF, Rollor EA 3rd, 1981. Helminth parasites of translocated raccoons (Procyon lotor) in the southeastern United States. J Wildl Dis 17: 217–227.
-
20.
Jimenez PA, Jaimes JE, Ramirez JD, 2019. A summary of Blastocystis subtypes in North and South America. Parasit Vectors 12: 376.
-
21.
Cai W, Ryan U, Xiao L, Feng Y, 2021. Zoonotic giardiasis: An update.Parasitol Res 120: 4199–4218.
-
22.
Fakhri Y, Gasser RB, Rostami A, Fan CK, Ghasemi SM, Javanian M, Bayani M, Armoon B, Moradi B, 2018. Toxocara eggs in public places worldwide—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut 242: 1467–1475.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 24790 | 24790 | 7091 |
| Full Text Views | 90 | 90 | 30 |
| PDF Downloads | 71 | 71 | 22 |