ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
GBD , 2017. Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators, 2020. Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of diarrhoea among children younger than 5 years: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Infect Dis 20: 37–59.
-
2.
World Health Organization , 2017. Diarrhoeal Disease. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
3.
Dadonaite B , Ritchie H , Roser M , 2018. Diarrheal diseases. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/diarrheal-diseases. Accessed December 12, 2022.
-
4.
George CM et al., 2021. Diarrhea prevalence and child growth faltering are associated with subsequent adverse child developmental outcomes in Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program). Am J Trop Med Hyg 106: 233–238.
-
5.
George CM et al., 2018. Enteric infections in young children are associated with environmental enteropathy and impaired growth. Trop Med Int Health 23: 26–33.
-
6.
Campbell DI , Elia M , Lunn PG , 2003. Growth faltering in rural Gambian infants is associated with impaired small intestinal barrier function, leading to endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. J Nutr 133: 1332–1338.
-
7.
Goto R , Mascie-Taylor CG , Lunn PG , 2009. Impact of intestinal permeability, inflammation status and parasitic infections on infant growth faltering in rural Bangladesh. Br J Nutr 101: 1509–1516.
-
8.
Kosek M et al., 2013. Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and permeability associated with the subsequent acquisition of linear growth deficits in infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 390–396.
-
9.
Lunn PG , Northrop-Clewes CA , Downes RM , 1991. Intestinal permeability, mucosal injury, and growth faltering in Gambian infants. Lancet 338: 907–910.
-
10.
Mondal D et al., 2012. Contribution of enteric infection, altered intestinal barrier function, and maternal malnutrition to infant malnutrition in Bangladesh. Nephrol Dial Transplant 54: 185–192.
-
11.
Panter-Brick C , Lunn PG , Langford RM , Maharjan M , Manandhar DS , 2009. Pathways leading to early growth faltering: an investigation into the importance of mucosal damage and immunostimulation in different socio-economic groups in Nepal. Br J Nutr 101: 558–567.
-
12.
Weisz AJ et al., 2012. Abnormal gut integrity is associated with reduced linear growth in rural Malawian children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55: 747–750.
-
13.
Kawata K , 1978. Water and other environmental interventions: the minimum investment concept. Am J Clin Nutr 31: 2114–2123.
-
14.
George CM et al., 2022. Fecal contamination in child play spaces and on child hands are associated with subsequent adverse child developmental outcomes in rural Democratic Republic of the Congo: REDUCE prospective cohort study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 106: 1141–1148.
-
15.
Ngure FM et al., 2013. Formative research on hygiene behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to fecal bacteria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 709–716.
-
16.
George CM et al., 2015. Geophagy is associated with environmental enteropathy and stunting in children in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 1117–1124.
-
17.
Parvin T et al., 2021. Fecal contamination on the household compound and in water sources are associated with subsequent diarrhea in young children in urban Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program). Am J Trop Med Hyg 105: 261–266.
-
18.
Ruff HA , Dubiner K , 1987. Stability of individual differences in infants’ manipulation and exploration of objects. Percept Mot Skills 64: 1095–1101.
-
19.
George CM et al., 2021. Child mouthing of feces and fomites and animal contact are associated with diarrhea and impaired growth among young children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a prospective cohort study (REDUCE Program). J Pediatr 228: 110–116.e1.
-
20.
Morita T et al., 2017. Mouthing of soil contaminated objects is associated with environmental enteropathy in young children. Trop Med Int Health 22: 670–678.
-
21.
Parvin T et al., 2020. Prospective cohort study of child mouthing of faeces and fomites in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program). Trop Med Int Health 25: 976–984.
-
22.
Perin J et al., 2016. Geophagy is associated with growth faltering in children in rural Bangladesh. J Pediatr 178: 34–9.e1.
-
23.
George CM et al., 2021. Child hand contamination is associated with subsequent pediatric diarrhea in rural Democratic Republic of the Congo (REDUCE Program). Trop Med Int Health 26: 102–110.
-
24.
Melese B , Paulos W , Astawesegn FH , Gelgelu TB , 2019. Prevalence of diarrheal diseases and associated factors among under-five children in Dale District, Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pub Health 19: 1235.
-
25.
Gebru T , Taha M , Kassahun W , 2014. Risk factors of diarrhoeal disease in under-five children among health extension model and non-model families in Sheko District rural community, Southwest Ethiopia: comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 14: 395.
-
26.
Getachew A et al., 2018. Environmental factors of diarrhea prevalence among under five children in rural area of North Gondar zone, Ethiopia. Ital J Pediatr 44: 95.
-
27.
Adane M , Mengistie B , Kloos H , Medhin G , Mulat W , 2017. Sanitation facilities, hygienic conditions, and prevalence of acute diarrhea among under-five children in slums of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: baseline survey of a longitudinal study. PLoS One 12: e0182783.
-
28.
Wasihun AG et al., 2018. Risk factors for diarrhoea and malnutrition among children under the age of 5 years in the Tigray Region of northern Ethiopia. PLoS One 13: e0207743.
-
29.
Kotloff KL et al., 2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
30.
Levine MM , Kotloff KL , Nataro JP & Muhsen K. 2012. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS): impetus, rationale, and genesis. Clin Infect Dis 55 (Suppl 4):S215–S224.
-
31.
Steinmuller N , Demma L , Bender JB , Eidson M , Angulo FJ , 2006. Outbreaks of enteric disease associated with animal contact: not just a foodborne problem anymore. Nephrol Dial Transplant 43: 1596–1602.
-
32.
Zambrano LD , Levy K , Menezes NP , Freeman MC , 2014. Human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 108: 313–325.
-
33.
Delahoy MJ et al., 2018. Pathogens transmitted in animal feces in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health 221: 661–676.
-
34.
Ercumen A , Prottas C , Harris A , Dioguardi A , Dowd G , Guiteras R , 2020. Poultry ownership associated with increased risk of child diarrhea: cross-sectional evidence from Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102: 526–533.
-
35.
Mulatya DM , Ochieng C , 2020. Disease burden and risk factors of diarrhoea in children under five years: evidence from Kenya’s demographic health survey 2014. Int J Infect Dis 93: 359–366.
-
36.
Wolf J et al., 2014. Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression. Trop Med Int Health 19: 928–942.
-
37.
Oloruntoba EO , Folarin TB , Ayede AI , 2014. Hygiene and sanitation risk factors of diarrhoeal disease among under-five children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 14: 1001–1011.
-
38.
Getachew B , Mengistie B , Mesfin F , Argaw R , 2018. Factors associated with acute diarrhea among children aged 0–59 months in Harar town, eastern Ethiopia. East Afr J Health Biomed Sci 2: 26–35.
-
39.
Uga S et al., 2009. Parasite egg contamination of vegetables from a suburban market in Hanoi, Vietnam. Nepal Med Coll J 11: 75–78.
-
40.
Mpalang RK , Boreux R , Melin P , Akir NI , Bitiang K , Daube G , De Mol P , 2014. Prevalence of Campylobacter among goats and retail goat meat in Congo. J Infect Dev Ctries 8: 168–175.
-
41.
Gil AI et al., 2014. Fecal contamination of food, water, hands, and kitchen utensils at the household level in rural areas of Peru. J Environ Health 76: 102–106.
-
42.
Doza S et al., 2018. Prevalence and association of Escherichia coli and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in stored foods for young children and flies caught in the same households in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1031–1038.
-
43.
Taulo S , Wetlesen A , Abrahamsen R , Kululanga G , Mkakosya R , Grimason A , 2008. Microbiological hazard identification and exposure assessment of food prepared and served in rural households of Lungwena, Malawi. Int J Food Microbiol 125: 111–116.
-
44.
Kapwata T , Mathee A , le Roux WJ , Wright CY , 2018. Diarrhoeal disease in relation to possible household risk factors in South African villages. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15: 1665.
-
45.
Black RE , Lopez de Romaña G , Brown KH , Bravo N , Bazalar OG , Kanashiro HC , 1989. Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in Huascar, Peru. Am J Epidemiol 129: 785–799.
-
46.
George CM et al., 2019. Formative research for the design of a scalable water, sanitation, and hygiene mobile health program: CHoBI7 Mobile Health Program. BMC Public Health 19: 1–18.
-
47.
Weil AA et al., 2009. Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 49: 1473–1479.
-
48.
George CM et al., 2015. Shigella infections in household contacts of pediatric shigellosis patients in rural Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 2006–2013.
-
49.
Black RE et al., 1981. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: acquired immunity and transmission in an endemic area. Bull World Health Organ 59: 263–268.
-
50.
George CM et al., 2016. Randomized controlled trial of hospital-based hygiene and water treatment intervention (CHoBI7) to reduce cholera. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 233.
-
51.
Thomas ED et al., 2020. Formative research to scale up a handwashing with soap and water treatment intervention for household members of patients with diarrhea in health facilities in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 program). BMC Public Health 20: 1–19.
-
52.
George CM et al., 2020. Effects of a water, sanitation and hygiene mobile health program on diarrhea and child growth in Bangladesh: a cluster-randomized controlled trial of the CHoBI7 Mobile Health Program. Clin Infect Dis 73: e2560–e2568.
-
53.
George CM et al., 2016. Sustained uptake of a hospital-based handwashing with soap and water treatment intervention (Cholera-Hospital-Based Intervention for 7 Days [CHoBI7]): a randomized controlled trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 428–436.
-
54.
Biswas SK et al., 2021. Formative research for the design of a baby water, sanitation, and hygiene mobile health program in Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Mobile Health Program). Am J Trop Med Hyg 104: 357–371.
-
55.
Lipsitz SR , Kim K , Zhao L , 1994. Analysis of repeated categorical data using generalized estimating equations. Stat Med 13: 1149–1163.
-
56.
Aklilu A , Kahase D , Dessalegn M , Tarekegn N , Gebremichael S , Zenebe S , Desta K , Mulugeta G , Mamuye Y , Mama M , 2015. Prevalence of intestinal parasites, Salmonella and Shigella among apparently health food handlers of Addis Ababa University student’s cafeteria, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 8:
-
57.
Devamani C , Norman G , Schmidt WP , 2014. A simple microbiological tool to evaluate the effect of environmental health interventions on hand contamination. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11: 11846–11859.
-
58.
Motarjemi Y , Käferstein F , Moy G , Quevedo F , 1993. Contaminated weaning food: a major risk factor for diarrhoea and associated malnutrition. Bull World Health Organ 71: 79–92.
-
59.
Knee J , Sumner T , Adriano Z , Berendes D , de Bruijn E , Schmidt WP , Nalá R , Cumming O , Brown J , 2018. Risk factors for childhood enteric infection in urban Maputo, Mozambique: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006956.
-
60.
Conan A et al.2017. Animal-related factors associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in children younger than five years in western Kenya: a matched case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005795.
-
61.
Ercumen A et al., 2017. Animal feces contribute to domestic fecal contamination: evidence from E. coli measured in water, hands, food, flies, and soil in Bangladesh. Environ Sci Technol 51: 8725–8734.
-
62.
Kobayashi M , Sasaki T , Agui N , 2002. Possible food contamination with the excreta of housefly with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Jpn J Sanit Zool 53: 83–87.
-
63.
Kobayashi M et al., 1999. Houseflies: not simple mechanical vectors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 625–629.
-
64.
Kwong LH , Ercumen A , Pickering AJ , Unicomb L , Davis J , Luby SP , 2020. Age-related changes to environmental exposure: variation in the frequency that young children place hands and objects in their mouths. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 30: 205–216.
-
65.
Xue J et al., 2007. A meta-analysis of children’s hand-to-mouth frequency data for estimating nondietary ingestion exposure. Risk Anal 27: 411–420.
-
66.
Mattioli MC , Davis J , Boehm AB , 2015. Hand-to-mouth contacts result in greater ingestion of feces than dietary water consumption in Tanzania: a quantitative fecal exposure assessment model. Environ Sci Technol 49: 1912–1920.
-
67.
Pickering AJ et al., 2018. Fecal indicator bacteria along multiple environmental transmission pathways (water, hands, food, soil, flies) and subsequent child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. Environ Sci Technol 52: 7928–7936.
-
68.
Daniels DL , Cousens SN , Makoae LN , Feachem RG , 1990. A case-control study of the impact of improved sanitation on diarrhoea morbidity in Lesotho. Bull World Health Organ 68: 455–463.
-
69.
Fewtrell L , Colford JM Jr ., 2005. Water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries: interventions and diarrhoea: a review. Water Sci Technol 52: 133–142.
-
70.
Cairncross S et al., 2010. Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea. Int J Epidemiol 39 (Suppl 1):193–205.
-
71.
Esrey SA , Habicht JP , 1986. Epidemiologic evidence for health benefits from improved water and sanitation in developing countries. Epidemiol Rev 8: 117–128.
-
72.
Arnold BF et al., 2013. Optimal recall period for caregiver-reported illness in risk factor and intervention studies: a multicountry study. Am J Epidemiol 177: 361–370.
-
73.
Mohakud NK , Patra SD , Kumar S , Sahu PS , Misra N , Shrivastava AK , 2019. Detection and molecular typing of Campylobacter isolates from human and animal faeces in coastal belt of Odisha, India. Indian J Med Microbiol 37: 345–350.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1638 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 1572 | 1178 | 465 |
| PDF Downloads | 478 | 152 | 7 |
Food Hygiene and Fecal Contamination on the Household Compound are Associated with Increased Pediatric Diarrhea in Urban Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program)
Ismat Minhaj Uddin
Ismat Minhaj Uddin
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Ismat Minhaj Uddin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ismat Minhaj Uddin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Kelly Endres
Kelly Endres
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Kelly Endres in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kelly Endres in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Tahmina Parvin
Tahmina Parvin
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Tahmina Parvin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tahmina Parvin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Md Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian
Md Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Md Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Md Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Fatema Zohura
Fatema Zohura
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Fatema Zohura in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Fatema Zohura in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jahed Masud
Jahed Masud
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Jahed Masud in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jahed Masud in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Shirajum Monira
Shirajum Monira
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Shirajum Monira in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Shirajum Monira in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
M. Tasdik Hasan
M. Tasdik Hasan
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by M. Tasdik Hasan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M. Tasdik Hasan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Shwapon Kumar Biswas
Shwapon Kumar Biswas
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Shwapon Kumar Biswas in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Shwapon Kumar Biswas in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Marzia Sultana
Marzia Sultana
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Marzia Sultana in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Marzia Sultana in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Elizabeth D. Thomas
Elizabeth D. Thomas
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Elizabeth D. Thomas in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Elizabeth D. Thomas in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jamie Perin
Jamie Perin
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Jamie Perin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jamie Perin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
David A. Sack
David A. Sack
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by David A. Sack in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by David A. Sack in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
A.S.G. Faruque
A.S.G. Faruque
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by A.S.G. Faruque in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by A.S.G. Faruque in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Munirul Alam
Munirul Alam
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Munirul Alam in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Munirul Alam in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Christine Marie George
Christine Marie George
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Christine Marie George in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Christine Marie George in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT.
In this prospective cohort study, we explored individual- and household-level risk factors associated with diarrheal diseases among 251 children younger than 5 years in slum areas of urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. During the 3-month study period, diarrhea surveillance was conducted monthly, and spot checks of the household compound were performed at baseline to assess the presence of feces (animal or human) in the household compound and in cooking and food storage areas, and to assess whether cooked food was covered and refrigerated. We also collected caregiver reports on child mouthing behaviors. Children living in households with feces within 10 steps of cooking and food storage areas (odds ratio [OR], 8.43; 95% CI, 1.01–70.18), those with visible feces found on the ground of the household compound (OR, 4.05; 95% CI, 1.24–13.22), and those in households found to keep cooked food uncovered and without refrigeration (OR, 6.16; 95% CI, 1.11–34.25) during spot checks had a significantly greater odds of diarrhea. There was no significant association between pediatric diarrhea and caregiver-reported child mouthing behaviors or presence of animals in the cooking area. These study findings demonstrate that presence of visible feces in the household compound and near cooking and food storage areas, and poor household food hygiene practices, were significant risk factors for diarrheal disease among young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Health communication programs are needed to target these exposure pathways to fecal pathogens.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was supported by a USAID grant awarded to icddr,b.
Disclaimer: The study procedures were approved by the Research Review Committee and Ethical Review Committee of icddr,b, and the Institutional Review Board of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (Baltimore, MD).
Authors’ addresses: Ismat Minhaj Uddin, Tahmina Parvin, Md Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian, Fatema Zohura, Jahed Masud, Shirajum Monira, M. Tasdik Hasan, Shwapon Kumar Biswas, Marzia Sultana, Abu S. G. Faruque, and Munirul Alam, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: ismat.minhaj@icddrb.org, tparvin@icddrb.org, sazzadul.islam@icddrb.org, fzohura@icddrb.org, jahed@icddrb.org, smoniralab@gmail.com, tasdikhdip@yahoo.com, shwapon6@gmail.com, msultana@icddrb.org, gfaruque@icddrb.org, and munirul@icddrb.org. Kelly Endres, Elizabeth D. Thomas, Jamie Perin, David A. Sack, and Christine Marie George, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, E-mails: kendres4@jhu.edu, liz.thomas@jhu.edu, jperin@jhu.edu, dsack1@jhu.ed, and cgeorg19@jhu.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
GBD , 2017. Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators, 2020. Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of diarrhoea among children younger than 5 years: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Infect Dis 20: 37–59.
-
2.
World Health Organization , 2017. Diarrhoeal Disease. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
3.
Dadonaite B , Ritchie H , Roser M , 2018. Diarrheal diseases. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/diarrheal-diseases. Accessed December 12, 2022.
-
4.
George CM et al., 2021. Diarrhea prevalence and child growth faltering are associated with subsequent adverse child developmental outcomes in Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program). Am J Trop Med Hyg 106: 233–238.
-
5.
George CM et al., 2018. Enteric infections in young children are associated with environmental enteropathy and impaired growth. Trop Med Int Health 23: 26–33.
-
6.
Campbell DI , Elia M , Lunn PG , 2003. Growth faltering in rural Gambian infants is associated with impaired small intestinal barrier function, leading to endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. J Nutr 133: 1332–1338.
-
7.
Goto R , Mascie-Taylor CG , Lunn PG , 2009. Impact of intestinal permeability, inflammation status and parasitic infections on infant growth faltering in rural Bangladesh. Br J Nutr 101: 1509–1516.
-
8.
Kosek M et al., 2013. Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and permeability associated with the subsequent acquisition of linear growth deficits in infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 390–396.
-
9.
Lunn PG , Northrop-Clewes CA , Downes RM , 1991. Intestinal permeability, mucosal injury, and growth faltering in Gambian infants. Lancet 338: 907–910.
-
10.
Mondal D et al., 2012. Contribution of enteric infection, altered intestinal barrier function, and maternal malnutrition to infant malnutrition in Bangladesh. Nephrol Dial Transplant 54: 185–192.
-
11.
Panter-Brick C , Lunn PG , Langford RM , Maharjan M , Manandhar DS , 2009. Pathways leading to early growth faltering: an investigation into the importance of mucosal damage and immunostimulation in different socio-economic groups in Nepal. Br J Nutr 101: 558–567.
-
12.
Weisz AJ et al., 2012. Abnormal gut integrity is associated with reduced linear growth in rural Malawian children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55: 747–750.
-
13.
Kawata K , 1978. Water and other environmental interventions: the minimum investment concept. Am J Clin Nutr 31: 2114–2123.
-
14.
George CM et al., 2022. Fecal contamination in child play spaces and on child hands are associated with subsequent adverse child developmental outcomes in rural Democratic Republic of the Congo: REDUCE prospective cohort study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 106: 1141–1148.
-
15.
Ngure FM et al., 2013. Formative research on hygiene behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to fecal bacteria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 709–716.
-
16.
George CM et al., 2015. Geophagy is associated with environmental enteropathy and stunting in children in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 1117–1124.
-
17.
Parvin T et al., 2021. Fecal contamination on the household compound and in water sources are associated with subsequent diarrhea in young children in urban Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program). Am J Trop Med Hyg 105: 261–266.
-
18.
Ruff HA , Dubiner K , 1987. Stability of individual differences in infants’ manipulation and exploration of objects. Percept Mot Skills 64: 1095–1101.
-
19.
George CM et al., 2021. Child mouthing of feces and fomites and animal contact are associated with diarrhea and impaired growth among young children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a prospective cohort study (REDUCE Program). J Pediatr 228: 110–116.e1.
-
20.
Morita T et al., 2017. Mouthing of soil contaminated objects is associated with environmental enteropathy in young children. Trop Med Int Health 22: 670–678.
-
21.
Parvin T et al., 2020. Prospective cohort study of child mouthing of faeces and fomites in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program). Trop Med Int Health 25: 976–984.
-
22.
Perin J et al., 2016. Geophagy is associated with growth faltering in children in rural Bangladesh. J Pediatr 178: 34–9.e1.
-
23.
George CM et al., 2021. Child hand contamination is associated with subsequent pediatric diarrhea in rural Democratic Republic of the Congo (REDUCE Program). Trop Med Int Health 26: 102–110.
-
24.
Melese B , Paulos W , Astawesegn FH , Gelgelu TB , 2019. Prevalence of diarrheal diseases and associated factors among under-five children in Dale District, Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pub Health 19: 1235.
-
25.
Gebru T , Taha M , Kassahun W , 2014. Risk factors of diarrhoeal disease in under-five children among health extension model and non-model families in Sheko District rural community, Southwest Ethiopia: comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 14: 395.
-
26.
Getachew A et al., 2018. Environmental factors of diarrhea prevalence among under five children in rural area of North Gondar zone, Ethiopia. Ital J Pediatr 44: 95.
-
27.
Adane M , Mengistie B , Kloos H , Medhin G , Mulat W , 2017. Sanitation facilities, hygienic conditions, and prevalence of acute diarrhea among under-five children in slums of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: baseline survey of a longitudinal study. PLoS One 12: e0182783.
-
28.
Wasihun AG et al., 2018. Risk factors for diarrhoea and malnutrition among children under the age of 5 years in the Tigray Region of northern Ethiopia. PLoS One 13: e0207743.
-
29.
Kotloff KL et al., 2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
30.
Levine MM , Kotloff KL , Nataro JP & Muhsen K. 2012. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS): impetus, rationale, and genesis. Clin Infect Dis 55 (Suppl 4):S215–S224.
-
31.
Steinmuller N , Demma L , Bender JB , Eidson M , Angulo FJ , 2006. Outbreaks of enteric disease associated with animal contact: not just a foodborne problem anymore. Nephrol Dial Transplant 43: 1596–1602.
-
32.
Zambrano LD , Levy K , Menezes NP , Freeman MC , 2014. Human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 108: 313–325.
-
33.
Delahoy MJ et al., 2018. Pathogens transmitted in animal feces in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health 221: 661–676.
-
34.
Ercumen A , Prottas C , Harris A , Dioguardi A , Dowd G , Guiteras R , 2020. Poultry ownership associated with increased risk of child diarrhea: cross-sectional evidence from Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102: 526–533.
-
35.
Mulatya DM , Ochieng C , 2020. Disease burden and risk factors of diarrhoea in children under five years: evidence from Kenya’s demographic health survey 2014. Int J Infect Dis 93: 359–366.
-
36.
Wolf J et al., 2014. Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression. Trop Med Int Health 19: 928–942.
-
37.
Oloruntoba EO , Folarin TB , Ayede AI , 2014. Hygiene and sanitation risk factors of diarrhoeal disease among under-five children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 14: 1001–1011.
-
38.
Getachew B , Mengistie B , Mesfin F , Argaw R , 2018. Factors associated with acute diarrhea among children aged 0–59 months in Harar town, eastern Ethiopia. East Afr J Health Biomed Sci 2: 26–35.
-
39.
Uga S et al., 2009. Parasite egg contamination of vegetables from a suburban market in Hanoi, Vietnam. Nepal Med Coll J 11: 75–78.
-
40.
Mpalang RK , Boreux R , Melin P , Akir NI , Bitiang K , Daube G , De Mol P , 2014. Prevalence of Campylobacter among goats and retail goat meat in Congo. J Infect Dev Ctries 8: 168–175.
-
41.
Gil AI et al., 2014. Fecal contamination of food, water, hands, and kitchen utensils at the household level in rural areas of Peru. J Environ Health 76: 102–106.
-
42.
Doza S et al., 2018. Prevalence and association of Escherichia coli and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in stored foods for young children and flies caught in the same households in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1031–1038.
-
43.
Taulo S , Wetlesen A , Abrahamsen R , Kululanga G , Mkakosya R , Grimason A , 2008. Microbiological hazard identification and exposure assessment of food prepared and served in rural households of Lungwena, Malawi. Int J Food Microbiol 125: 111–116.
-
44.
Kapwata T , Mathee A , le Roux WJ , Wright CY , 2018. Diarrhoeal disease in relation to possible household risk factors in South African villages. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15: 1665.
-
45.
Black RE , Lopez de Romaña G , Brown KH , Bravo N , Bazalar OG , Kanashiro HC , 1989. Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in Huascar, Peru. Am J Epidemiol 129: 785–799.
-
46.
George CM et al., 2019. Formative research for the design of a scalable water, sanitation, and hygiene mobile health program: CHoBI7 Mobile Health Program. BMC Public Health 19: 1–18.
-
47.
Weil AA et al., 2009. Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 49: 1473–1479.
-
48.
George CM et al., 2015. Shigella infections in household contacts of pediatric shigellosis patients in rural Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 2006–2013.
-
49.
Black RE et al., 1981. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: acquired immunity and transmission in an endemic area. Bull World Health Organ 59: 263–268.
-
50.
George CM et al., 2016. Randomized controlled trial of hospital-based hygiene and water treatment intervention (CHoBI7) to reduce cholera. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 233.
-
51.
Thomas ED et al., 2020. Formative research to scale up a handwashing with soap and water treatment intervention for household members of patients with diarrhea in health facilities in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 program). BMC Public Health 20: 1–19.
-
52.
George CM et al., 2020. Effects of a water, sanitation and hygiene mobile health program on diarrhea and child growth in Bangladesh: a cluster-randomized controlled trial of the CHoBI7 Mobile Health Program. Clin Infect Dis 73: e2560–e2568.
-
53.
George CM et al., 2016. Sustained uptake of a hospital-based handwashing with soap and water treatment intervention (Cholera-Hospital-Based Intervention for 7 Days [CHoBI7]): a randomized controlled trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 428–436.
-
54.
Biswas SK et al., 2021. Formative research for the design of a baby water, sanitation, and hygiene mobile health program in Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Mobile Health Program). Am J Trop Med Hyg 104: 357–371.
-
55.
Lipsitz SR , Kim K , Zhao L , 1994. Analysis of repeated categorical data using generalized estimating equations. Stat Med 13: 1149–1163.
-
56.
Aklilu A , Kahase D , Dessalegn M , Tarekegn N , Gebremichael S , Zenebe S , Desta K , Mulugeta G , Mamuye Y , Mama M , 2015. Prevalence of intestinal parasites, Salmonella and Shigella among apparently health food handlers of Addis Ababa University student’s cafeteria, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 8:
-
57.
Devamani C , Norman G , Schmidt WP , 2014. A simple microbiological tool to evaluate the effect of environmental health interventions on hand contamination. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11: 11846–11859.
-
58.
Motarjemi Y , Käferstein F , Moy G , Quevedo F , 1993. Contaminated weaning food: a major risk factor for diarrhoea and associated malnutrition. Bull World Health Organ 71: 79–92.
-
59.
Knee J , Sumner T , Adriano Z , Berendes D , de Bruijn E , Schmidt WP , Nalá R , Cumming O , Brown J , 2018. Risk factors for childhood enteric infection in urban Maputo, Mozambique: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006956.
-
60.
Conan A et al.2017. Animal-related factors associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in children younger than five years in western Kenya: a matched case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005795.
-
61.
Ercumen A et al., 2017. Animal feces contribute to domestic fecal contamination: evidence from E. coli measured in water, hands, food, flies, and soil in Bangladesh. Environ Sci Technol 51: 8725–8734.
-
62.
Kobayashi M , Sasaki T , Agui N , 2002. Possible food contamination with the excreta of housefly with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Jpn J Sanit Zool 53: 83–87.
-
63.
Kobayashi M et al., 1999. Houseflies: not simple mechanical vectors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 625–629.
-
64.
Kwong LH , Ercumen A , Pickering AJ , Unicomb L , Davis J , Luby SP , 2020. Age-related changes to environmental exposure: variation in the frequency that young children place hands and objects in their mouths. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 30: 205–216.
-
65.
Xue J et al., 2007. A meta-analysis of children’s hand-to-mouth frequency data for estimating nondietary ingestion exposure. Risk Anal 27: 411–420.
-
66.
Mattioli MC , Davis J , Boehm AB , 2015. Hand-to-mouth contacts result in greater ingestion of feces than dietary water consumption in Tanzania: a quantitative fecal exposure assessment model. Environ Sci Technol 49: 1912–1920.
-
67.
Pickering AJ et al., 2018. Fecal indicator bacteria along multiple environmental transmission pathways (water, hands, food, soil, flies) and subsequent child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. Environ Sci Technol 52: 7928–7936.
-
68.
Daniels DL , Cousens SN , Makoae LN , Feachem RG , 1990. A case-control study of the impact of improved sanitation on diarrhoea morbidity in Lesotho. Bull World Health Organ 68: 455–463.
-
69.
Fewtrell L , Colford JM Jr ., 2005. Water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries: interventions and diarrhoea: a review. Water Sci Technol 52: 133–142.
-
70.
Cairncross S et al., 2010. Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea. Int J Epidemiol 39 (Suppl 1):193–205.
-
71.
Esrey SA , Habicht JP , 1986. Epidemiologic evidence for health benefits from improved water and sanitation in developing countries. Epidemiol Rev 8: 117–128.
-
72.
Arnold BF et al., 2013. Optimal recall period for caregiver-reported illness in risk factor and intervention studies: a multicountry study. Am J Epidemiol 177: 361–370.
-
73.
Mohakud NK , Patra SD , Kumar S , Sahu PS , Misra N , Shrivastava AK , 2019. Detection and molecular typing of Campylobacter isolates from human and animal faeces in coastal belt of Odisha, India. Indian J Med Microbiol 37: 345–350.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1638 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 1572 | 1178 | 465 |
| PDF Downloads | 478 | 152 | 7 |