- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS
- RESULTS
- Micronutrient deficiencies according to gender.
- Micronutrient deficiencies according to district.
- Biochemical analysis of blood serum of children at different locations in the flood-hit areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Biochemical analysis of blood serum of children at different ages in flood-hit areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Biochemical analysis of blood serum of boys and girls in the flood-hit areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Dong C, Ge P, Ren X, Zhao X, Wang J, Fan H, Yin SA, 2014. The micronutrient status of children aged 24–60 months living in rural disaster areas one year after the Wenchuan earthquake. PLoS One 9: e88444.
-
2.
Ritchie H, Roser M, 2017. Micronutrient Deficiency. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/micronutrient-deficiency. Accessed September 9, 2021.
-
3.
World Health Organization , 2001. The World Health Report 2001: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
4.
Bailey RL, West Jr KP, Black RE, 2015. The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab 66 (Suppl 2): 22–33.
-
5.
Arlappa N, Kokku SB, 2015. Drought, food security and micronutrient malnutrition. Hand of Public Health in Natural Disasters 10: 337.
-
6.
Prinzo ZW, De Benoist B, 2002. Meeting the challenges of micronutrient deficiencies in emergency-affected populations. Proc Nutr Soc 61: 251–257.
-
7.
National Disaster Management Authority, Government of Pakistan 2011. NDMA Annual Report. Available at: http://nidm.edu.pk/Documents/AnnualReports/NDMA_Annual_Report_2011.pdf.
-
8.
Haq IU, Mehmood Z, Khan N, Khan MN, Israr M, Ali Khan E, Nisar M, Ahmad MI, Ali M, 2021. Risk factors of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) based child malnutrition in the flood-affected areas of Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. Ecol Food Nutr. 1–17.
-
9.
Wasantwisut E, Rosado J, Gibson RS, 2009. Nutritional assessment: methods for selected micronutrients and calcium. The role of food, agriculture, forestry and fisheries in human nutrition. IV: UNESCO.
-
10.
Magnani R, 1999. Sampling Guide: Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring (IMPACT) Project. Washington, DC: USAID.
-
11.
Haq Iu et al., 2021. Prevalence and determinants of stunting among preschool and school-going children in the flood affected areas of Pakistan. Braz J Biol 82: e249971.
-
12.
Kimble MS, Medicine C, 1939. The photocolorimetric determination of vitamin A and carotene in human plasma. J Lab Clin Med 24: 1055–1065.
-
13.
World Health Organization , 2011. Serum Retinol Concentrations for Determining the Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Populations: Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
14.
Foote EM, Sullivan KM, Ruth LJ, Oremo J, Sadumah I, Williams TN, Suchdev PS, 2013. Determinants of anemia among preschool children in rural, western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 757–764.
-
15.
Oskorouchi HR, Nie P, Sousa-Poza A, 2018. The effect of floods on anemia among reproductive age women in Afghanistan. PLoS One 13: e0191726.
-
16.
Zimmermann MB, 2013. Iodine deficiency and excess in children: worldwide status in 2013. Endocr Pract 19: 839–846.
-
17.
World Health Organization , 2013. Urinary Iodine Concentrations for Determining Iodine Status in Populations. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
18.
Hussain H, Selamat R, Kuang Kuay L, Md Zain F, Yazid Jalaludin MJBT-CCD, 2020. Urinary iodine: biomarker for population iodine nutrition. In Biochemical Testing-Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis. IntechOpen Book Series 12: 1–16.
-
19.
Thomas L, 1998. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. 1st ed. Frankfurt, Germany: TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft, 273–275.
-
20.
Zhou P, Markowitz M, Adam HM, 2009. Hypocalcemia in infants and children. Pediatr Rev 30: 190.
-
21.
Akhtar S, Ismail T, Atukorala S, Arlappa N, 2013. Micronutrient deficiencies in South Asia: current status and strategies. Trends in Food Science & Technology 31: 55–62.
-
22.
Pravina P, Sayaji D, Avinash M, 2013. Calcium and its role in human body. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences 4: 659–668.
-
23.
Wessells KR, Brown K, 2012. Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. PLoS One 7: e50568.
-
24.
Petruzziello F, Zeppa P, Catalano L, Cozzolino I, Gargiulo G, Musto P, D’Auria F, Liso V, Rizzi R, Caruso N, 2010. Amyloid in bone marrow smears of patients affected by multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 89: 469–474.
-
25.
Bhutta ZA, Soofi SB, Zaidi SSH, Habib A, Hussain I, 2011. Pakistan National Nutrition Survey, 2011. Available at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1262&context =pakistan_fhs_mc_women_childhealth_paediatr.
-
26.
Zhao X, Yin S, Zhao L, Fu P, Zhang J, Ma G, 2010. The nutritional status among children under 60 months year-old after one year of the earthquake in Wenchuan. Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine] 44: 691–695.
-
27.
Singh M, 2004. Role of micronutrients for physical growth and mental development. Indian J Pediatr 71: 59–62.
-
28.
West KP, Darnton-Hill I, Springer, 2008. Vitamin A Deficiency: Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. In Nutrition and health in developing countries. Humana Press, 377–433.
-
29.
Aga Khan University, Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations & Coordination (Pakistan), Pakistan Medical Research Council, UK Aid Direct, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2018. Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2861/file/NNS%20 KFR.pdf.
-
30.
Sen TK, Biswas AB, Chakrabarty I, Das DK, Ramakrishnan R, Manickam P, Hutin Y, 2006. Persistence of iodine deficiency in Gangetic flood-prone area, West Bengal, India. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 15: 528–532.
-
31.
Lee J, Kim JH, Lee S-Y, Lee JH, 2014. Iodine status in Korean preschool children as determined by urinary iodine excretion. Eur J Nutr 53: 683–688.
-
32.
Ernawati F, Syauqy A, Arifin AY, Soekatri MY, Sandjaja S, 2021. Micronutrient deficiencies and stunting were associated with socioeconomic status in Indonesian children aged 6–59 months. Nutrients 13: 1802.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2007 | 608 | 43 |
| Full Text Views | 255 | 30 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 137 | 14 | 1 |
Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies among Preschool and School-Going Children in Flood-Hit Areas of Pakistan
Ijaz ul Haq
Ijaz ul Haq
Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
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Zafar Mehmood
Zafar Mehmood
Department of Math’s, Stats and Computer Science, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan;
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Abdul Majid Mujahid
Abdul Majid Mujahid
Basic Health Unit Daiwal, Tehsil/District Khushab, District Health Authority Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan;
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Bilal Ahmed
Bilal Ahmed
School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;
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Jahan Shah
Jahan Shah
Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China;
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Nadar Khan
Nadar Khan
Goat Production Research Station Charbagh Swat, Livestock and Dairy Development Research Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
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Ihtisham Ul Haq
Ihtisham Ul Haq
Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
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Muhammad Shahzad
Muhammad Shahzad
Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
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Ejaz Ali Khan
Ejaz Ali Khan
Institue of Nursing Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan;
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Abbas Khan
Abbas Khan
Department of Dietetics and Nutrition Sciences, University of Sialkot, Pakistan;
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Umar Zeb
Umar Zeb
Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
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Jielian Xu
Jielian Xu
Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Yufang Xue
Yufang Xue
Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Xiaoshuang Chen
Xiaoshuang Chen
Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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ABSTRACT.
There is minimal literature regarding micronutrient deficiencies in flood-affected regions. In our study, we aimed to find the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin A, calcium, zinc, iron, and iodine) among preschool and school-age children in flood-hit areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In this cross-sectional study, a multi-stage sampling technique was used for the selection of 656 households. Serum micronutrient status was detected in the targeted population in the affected districts. The least significant difference test was used with analysis of variance to determine significant differences in nutrient contents in different areas. Of the total respondents, 90.8% of the children were calcium deficient, 88.3% were zinc deficient, 26.7% were iron deficient, 53.5% were vitamin A deficient, and 39.5% were had an iodine deficiency in flood-affected areas. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found in different age groups of children for zinc (5.7–42.63 μg/dL) and urinary iodine (69.6–85.4 μg/L). The 10- to 12-year-old age group had a lower serum zinc concentration (5.7 μg/dL), whereas the 1- to 3-year-old age group had a lower urinary iodine concentration (69.6 μg/L) than other groups. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between male and female children and various age groups for calcium and iron status. Vitamin A levels were significantly (P < 0.05) different among different age groups (high in age group 4–6 years) and districts. Vitamin A concentration was lower in the Nowshera District, whereas serum iron and zinc were lower in the Dera Ismail Khan District. All the important micronutrients in the population of children were deficient in the flood-affected areas of Pakistan. Therefore, policymakers should implement potential prevention strategies, such as food security, school health nutrition, food fortification, nutrition in the first 1,000 golden days, nutrition knowledge, and awareness of the local population, to reduce the burden of micronutrients deficiencies in flood-affected areas.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 32 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This research project was funded by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.
Disclaimer: The funder has no role in designing, writing, and publishing this manuscript.
Disclosure: This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethical committee of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan, approved all procedures involving research study participants (approval no. 002). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
Authors’ addresses: Ijaz ul Haq, Ihtisham Ul Haq, and Muhammad Shahzad, Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, E-mails: ijazbrt@outlook.com, ihtisham_aup@yahoo.com, and smohammdee@hotmail.com. Zafar Mehmood, Department of Math’s, Stats and Computer Science, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan, E-mail: zafarjan@gmail.com. Abdul Majid Mujahid, Basic Health Unit Daiwal, Tehsil/District Khushab, District Health Authority Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan, E-mail: majid346@hotmail.com. Bilal Ahmed, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, E-mail: drbilal_71@yahoo.com. Jahan Shah, Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, E-mail: 111jahanshah@gmail.com. Nadar Khan, Goat Production Research Station Charbagh Swat, Livestock and Dairy Development Research Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, E-mail: nadar73vet@aup.edu.pk. Ejaz Ali Khan, Institue of Nursing Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan, E-mail: ejazalikhan4@gmail.com. Abbas Khan, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition Sciences, University of Sialkot, Pakistan, E-mail: abbas.khan@uskt.edu.pk. Umar Zeb, Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, E-mail: umar.zeb@uoh.edu.pk. Jielian Xu, Yufang Xue, and Xiaoshuang Chen, Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, E-mails: 854455418@qq.com, xyfkoala@163.com, and 781651165@qq.com.
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS
- RESULTS
- Micronutrient deficiencies according to gender.
- Micronutrient deficiencies according to district.
- Biochemical analysis of blood serum of children at different locations in the flood-hit areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Biochemical analysis of blood serum of children at different ages in flood-hit areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Biochemical analysis of blood serum of boys and girls in the flood-hit areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Dong C, Ge P, Ren X, Zhao X, Wang J, Fan H, Yin SA, 2014. The micronutrient status of children aged 24–60 months living in rural disaster areas one year after the Wenchuan earthquake. PLoS One 9: e88444.
-
2.
Ritchie H, Roser M, 2017. Micronutrient Deficiency. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/micronutrient-deficiency. Accessed September 9, 2021.
-
3.
World Health Organization , 2001. The World Health Report 2001: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
4.
Bailey RL, West Jr KP, Black RE, 2015. The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab 66 (Suppl 2): 22–33.
-
5.
Arlappa N, Kokku SB, 2015. Drought, food security and micronutrient malnutrition. Hand of Public Health in Natural Disasters 10: 337.
-
6.
Prinzo ZW, De Benoist B, 2002. Meeting the challenges of micronutrient deficiencies in emergency-affected populations. Proc Nutr Soc 61: 251–257.
-
7.
National Disaster Management Authority, Government of Pakistan 2011. NDMA Annual Report. Available at: http://nidm.edu.pk/Documents/AnnualReports/NDMA_Annual_Report_2011.pdf.
-
8.
Haq IU, Mehmood Z, Khan N, Khan MN, Israr M, Ali Khan E, Nisar M, Ahmad MI, Ali M, 2021. Risk factors of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) based child malnutrition in the flood-affected areas of Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. Ecol Food Nutr. 1–17.
-
9.
Wasantwisut E, Rosado J, Gibson RS, 2009. Nutritional assessment: methods for selected micronutrients and calcium. The role of food, agriculture, forestry and fisheries in human nutrition. IV: UNESCO.
-
10.
Magnani R, 1999. Sampling Guide: Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring (IMPACT) Project. Washington, DC: USAID.
-
11.
Haq Iu et al., 2021. Prevalence and determinants of stunting among preschool and school-going children in the flood affected areas of Pakistan. Braz J Biol 82: e249971.
-
12.
Kimble MS, Medicine C, 1939. The photocolorimetric determination of vitamin A and carotene in human plasma. J Lab Clin Med 24: 1055–1065.
-
13.
World Health Organization , 2011. Serum Retinol Concentrations for Determining the Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Populations: Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
14.
Foote EM, Sullivan KM, Ruth LJ, Oremo J, Sadumah I, Williams TN, Suchdev PS, 2013. Determinants of anemia among preschool children in rural, western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 757–764.
-
15.
Oskorouchi HR, Nie P, Sousa-Poza A, 2018. The effect of floods on anemia among reproductive age women in Afghanistan. PLoS One 13: e0191726.
-
16.
Zimmermann MB, 2013. Iodine deficiency and excess in children: worldwide status in 2013. Endocr Pract 19: 839–846.
-
17.
World Health Organization , 2013. Urinary Iodine Concentrations for Determining Iodine Status in Populations. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
18.
Hussain H, Selamat R, Kuang Kuay L, Md Zain F, Yazid Jalaludin MJBT-CCD, 2020. Urinary iodine: biomarker for population iodine nutrition. In Biochemical Testing-Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis. IntechOpen Book Series 12: 1–16.
-
19.
Thomas L, 1998. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. 1st ed. Frankfurt, Germany: TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft, 273–275.
-
20.
Zhou P, Markowitz M, Adam HM, 2009. Hypocalcemia in infants and children. Pediatr Rev 30: 190.
-
21.
Akhtar S, Ismail T, Atukorala S, Arlappa N, 2013. Micronutrient deficiencies in South Asia: current status and strategies. Trends in Food Science & Technology 31: 55–62.
-
22.
Pravina P, Sayaji D, Avinash M, 2013. Calcium and its role in human body. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences 4: 659–668.
-
23.
Wessells KR, Brown K, 2012. Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. PLoS One 7: e50568.
-
24.
Petruzziello F, Zeppa P, Catalano L, Cozzolino I, Gargiulo G, Musto P, D’Auria F, Liso V, Rizzi R, Caruso N, 2010. Amyloid in bone marrow smears of patients affected by multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 89: 469–474.
-
25.
Bhutta ZA, Soofi SB, Zaidi SSH, Habib A, Hussain I, 2011. Pakistan National Nutrition Survey, 2011. Available at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1262&context =pakistan_fhs_mc_women_childhealth_paediatr.
-
26.
Zhao X, Yin S, Zhao L, Fu P, Zhang J, Ma G, 2010. The nutritional status among children under 60 months year-old after one year of the earthquake in Wenchuan. Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine] 44: 691–695.
-
27.
Singh M, 2004. Role of micronutrients for physical growth and mental development. Indian J Pediatr 71: 59–62.
-
28.
West KP, Darnton-Hill I, Springer, 2008. Vitamin A Deficiency: Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. In Nutrition and health in developing countries. Humana Press, 377–433.
-
29.
Aga Khan University, Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations & Coordination (Pakistan), Pakistan Medical Research Council, UK Aid Direct, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2018. Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 2018. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/2861/file/NNS%20 KFR.pdf.
-
30.
Sen TK, Biswas AB, Chakrabarty I, Das DK, Ramakrishnan R, Manickam P, Hutin Y, 2006. Persistence of iodine deficiency in Gangetic flood-prone area, West Bengal, India. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 15: 528–532.
-
31.
Lee J, Kim JH, Lee S-Y, Lee JH, 2014. Iodine status in Korean preschool children as determined by urinary iodine excretion. Eur J Nutr 53: 683–688.
-
32.
Ernawati F, Syauqy A, Arifin AY, Soekatri MY, Sandjaja S, 2021. Micronutrient deficiencies and stunting were associated with socioeconomic status in Indonesian children aged 6–59 months. Nutrients 13: 1802.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2007 | 608 | 43 |
| Full Text Views | 255 | 30 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 137 | 14 | 1 |