ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
d’Acremont V , Lengeler C , Genton B , 2019. Reduction in the proportion of fevers associated with Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Africa: a systematic review. Malar J 9: 240.
-
2.
Joshi R , Colford JM Jr. , Reingold AL , Kalantri S , 2008. Nonmalarial acute undifferentiated fever in a rural hospital in central India: diagnostic uncertainty and overtreatment with antimalarial agents. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 393–399.
-
3.
White LJ , Newton PN , Maude RJ , Pan-Ngum W , Fried JR , Mayxay M , Maude RR , Day NP , 2012. Defining disease heterogeneity to guide the empirical treatment of febrile illness in resource poor settings. PLoS One 7: e44545.
-
4.
Gething PW , Battle KE , Bhatt S , Smith DL , Eisele TP , Cibulskis RE , Simon I , 2014. Hay declining malaria in Africa: improving the measurement of progress. Malar J 13: 39.
-
5.
Parnell S , Walawege R , 2011. Sub-Saharan African urbanisation and global environmental change. Glob Env Change 21: S12–S20.
-
6.
Patel RB , Burke TF , 2009. Urbanization, an emerging humanitarian disaster. N Engl J Med 361: 741–743.
-
7.
Alirol E , Getaz L , Stoll B , Chappuis F , Loutan L , 2011. Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 131–141.
-
8.
Thwing J et al. 2017. Declines in malaria burden and all-cause child mortality following increases in control Interventions in Senegal, 2005–2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97 (Suppl 3): 89–98.
-
9.
Breurec S et al. 2016. Aaetiology and epidemiology of diarrhea in hospitalized children from low income country: a matched case-control study in Central African Republic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004283.
-
10.
Wagner D , de With K , Huzly D , Hufert F , Weidmann M , Breisinger S , Eppinger S , Kern WV , Bauer TM , 2004. Nosocomial acquisition of dengue. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1872–1873.
-
11.
Weidmann M , Faye O , Faye O , Kranaster R , Marx A , Nunes MRT , Vasconcelos PF , Hufert FT , Sall AA , 2010. Improved LNA probe-based assay for the detection of African and South American yellow fever virus strains. J Clin Virol 48: 187–192.
-
12.
Shu PY , Yang CF , Su CL , Chen CY , Chang SF , Tsai KH , Cheng CH , Huang J , 2008. Two imported chikungunya cases, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1325–1326.
-
13.
Weidmann M , Sanchez-Seco MP , Sall AA , Ly PO , Thiongane Y , Lô MM , Schley H , Hufert FT , 2008. Rapid detection of important human pathogenic Phleboviruses. J Clin Virol 41: 138–142.
-
14.
Faye O , Faye O , Diallo D , Diallo D , Weidmann M , Sall AA , 2013. Quantitative real-time PCR detection of Zika virus and evaluation with field-caught mosquitoes. Virol J 10: 311.
-
15.
Ba F , Loucoubar C , Faye O , Fall G , Mbaye RNPN , Sembene M , Diallo M , Balde AT , Sall AA , Faye O , 2018. Retrospective analysis of febrile patients reveals unnoticed epidemic of zika fever in Dielmo, Senegal, 2000. Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 3: 1–9.
-
16.
Niang MN , Diop NS , Fall A , Kiori DE , Sarr FD , Sy S , Goudiaby D , Barry MA , Fall M , Dia N , 2017. Respiratory viruses in patients with influenza-like illness in Senegal: focus on human respiratory adenoviruses. PLoS One 12: e0174287.
-
17.
WHO , 2013. Global Epidemiological Surveillance Standards for Influenza. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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18.
D’Acremont V , Kilowoko M , Kyungu E , Philipina S , Sangu W , Kahama-Maro J , Lengeler C , Cherpillod P , Kaiser L , Genton B , 2014. Beyond malaria--causes of fever in outpatient Tanzanian children. N Engl J Med 370: 809–817.
-
19.
Hildenwall H , Amos B , Mtove G , Muro F , Cederlund K , Reyburn H , 2016. Causes of non-malarial febrile illness in outpatients in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 21: 149–156.
-
20.
Mahende C , Ngasala B , Lusingu J , Butichi A , Lushino P , Lemnge M , Premji Z , 2014. Aetiology of acute febrile episodes in children attending Korogwe district hospital in north-eastern Tanzania. PLoS One 9: e104197.
-
21.
Crump JA et al. 2013. Aaetiology of severe non-malaria febrile illness in northern Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2324.
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22.
Feikin DR et al. 2012. Aaetiology and Incidence of viral and bacterial acute respiratory illness among older children and adults in rural western Kenya, 2007–2010. PLoS One 7: e43656.
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23.
Feikin DR et al. 2013. Viral and bacterial causes of severe acute respiratory illness among children aged less than 5 years in a high malaria prevalence area of western Kenya, 2007–2010. Pediatr Infect Dis J 32: e14–e19.
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24.
Fall A et al. 2016. Enteroviruses and rhinoviruses: molecular epidemiology of the most influenza-like illness associated viruses in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 339–347.
-
25.
Lim JK et al. 2019. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics associated with dengue during and outside the 2016 outbreak identified in health facility-based surveillance in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007882.
-
26.
Padget M , Guillemot D , Delarocque-Astagneau E , 2016. Measuring antibiotic consumption in low-income countries: a systematic review and integrative approach. Int J Antimicrob Agents 48: 27–32.
-
27.
Padget M , Tamarelle J , Herindrainy P , Ndir A , Diene Sarr F , Richard V , Piola P , Guillemot D , Delarocque-Astagneau E ; BIRDY Study Group , 2017. A community survey of antibiotic consumption among children in Madagascar and Senegal: the importance of healthcare access and care quality. J Antimicrob Chemother 72: 564–573.
-
28.
Sire JM , Garin B , Chartier L , Fall NK , Tall A , Seck A , Weill FX , Breurec S , Vray M , 2013. Community-acquired infectious diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age in Dakar, Senegal. Paediatr Int Child Health 33: 139–144.
-
29.
Marc C , Vrignaud B , Levieux K , Robine A , Gras-Le Guen C , Launay E , 2016. Inappropriate prescription of antibiotics in pediatric practice: analysis of the prescriptions in primary care. J Child Health Care 20: 530–536.
-
30.
Bonkoungou IJ , Haukka K , Österblad M , Hakanen AJ , Traoré AS , Barro N , Siitonen A , 2013. Bacterial and viral aetiology of childhood diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. BMC Pediatr 13: 36.
-
31.
Blomberg B et al. 2007. Antimicrobial resistance predicts death in Tanzanian children with bloodstream infections: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 7: 43.
-
32.
Blomberg B , 2008. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 128: 2462–2466.
-
33.
Ndir A , Diop A , Faye PM , Cissé MF , Ndoye B , Astagneau P , 2016. Epidemiology and burden of bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in a pediatric hospital in Senegal. PLoS One 11: e0143729.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2430 | 1349 | 162 |
| Full Text Views | 427 | 25 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 261 | 10 | 1 |
Identification of Pathogens Potentially Associated with Non-Malarial Fever in Children: A Pilot Study in Peri-Urban Dakar, Senegal
Hedible Gildas Boris
Hedible Gildas Boris
Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal;
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Dieng Idrissa
Dieng Idrissa
Pôle de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal;
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Senghor Marie Louise
Senghor Marie Louise
Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal;
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Talla Cheikh
Talla Cheikh
Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal;
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Barry Mamadou Aliou
Barry Mamadou Aliou
Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal;
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Diène Sarr Fatoumata
Diène Sarr Fatoumata
Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal;
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Grant Rebecca
Grant Rebecca
Unité d’épidémiologie des Maladies émergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France;
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Bercion Raymond
Bercion Raymond
Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal;
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Thiam Diamilatou
Thiam Diamilatou
Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal;
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Richard Vincent
Richard Vincent
Institut Pasteur, Paris, France;
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Faye Oumar
Faye Oumar
Pôle de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal;
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Seck Abdoulaye
Seck Abdoulaye
Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal;
Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d’Odontologie, UCAD, Dakar, Senegal;
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Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d’Odontologie, UCAD, Dakar, Senegal;
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Vray Muriel
Vray Muriel
Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal;
Unité d’épidémiologie des Maladies émergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France;
INSERM, Paris, France
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ABSTRACT
Fever is one of the most common reasons for pediatric consultation in Africa. Malaria incidence has now dropped considerably, yet etiologies of non-malarial febrile diseases are poorly documented. This pilot study aimed to 1) identify pathogens potentially associated with non-malarial fever in children younger than 10 years in the suburbs of Dakar and 2) describe the epidemiological characteristics of these patients. During the study period, all eligible children (< 10 years of age, body temperature ≥ 38°C, negative result for the malaria rapid diagnostic test, living in Guediawaye/Pikine for the previous four calendar months, not receiving any anti-infectious treatment since the onset of fever, and with parent’s consent to participate) presenting to the health post in Medina Gounass located in Guediawaye on Mondays and Fridays were included. In total, 106 children participated in the study, and PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs, hemoculture, C-reactive protein, blood cell counts, and quantitative buffy coat from blood samples and coproculture from stool samples were performed. In 70 (66%) children, at least one pathogen was isolated. Viruses were identified in 55 children, most commonly enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, and adenoviruses, and dengue virus was identified in three children. Only five children had bacterial infections, and 10 had bacterial and viral coinfections. Ninety-seven children (92%) received prescription for antibiotics. Many strains of bacteria were found to be resistant to several antibiotics. Despite limitations, this pilot study showed that pathogens potentially associated with non-malarial fever in children younger than 10 years near Dakar were predominantly viruses, most commonly upper respiratory infections, although bacteria accounted for a small proportion.
Author Notes
Disclosure: All authors have contributed to the study and have approved the version of the manuscript submitted to the AJTMH. The data supporting the findings in the manuscript can be obtained upon request to the corresponding author.
Financial support: This work was supported by a grant from Clayton Dedonder (EC/MAM/N° 323/14) and by funds from the Institut Pasteur de Dakar.
Authors’ addresses: Hedible Gildas Boris, Dieng Idrissa, Senghor Marie Louise, Talla Cheikh, Barry Mamadou Aliou, Diène Sarr Fatoumata, Bercion Raymond, Thiam Diamilatou, Faye Oumar, and Seck Abdoulaye, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal, E-mails: hgildas@hotmail.com, idrissa7.dieng@gmail.com, marielouise.senghor@pasteur.sn, cheikhtalla@hotmail.com, aliou.barry@pasteur.sn, fatoumata.sarr@pasteur.sn, raymond.bercion@pasteur.sn, dthiam@pasteur.sn, oumar.faye@pasteur.sn, and abdoulaye.seck@pasteur.sn. Grant Rebecca, Richard Vincent, and Vray Muriel, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, E-mails: rebecca.grant@pasteur.fr, vincent.richard@pasteur.fr, and muriel.vray@pasteur.fr.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
d’Acremont V , Lengeler C , Genton B , 2019. Reduction in the proportion of fevers associated with Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Africa: a systematic review. Malar J 9: 240.
-
2.
Joshi R , Colford JM Jr. , Reingold AL , Kalantri S , 2008. Nonmalarial acute undifferentiated fever in a rural hospital in central India: diagnostic uncertainty and overtreatment with antimalarial agents. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 393–399.
-
3.
White LJ , Newton PN , Maude RJ , Pan-Ngum W , Fried JR , Mayxay M , Maude RR , Day NP , 2012. Defining disease heterogeneity to guide the empirical treatment of febrile illness in resource poor settings. PLoS One 7: e44545.
-
4.
Gething PW , Battle KE , Bhatt S , Smith DL , Eisele TP , Cibulskis RE , Simon I , 2014. Hay declining malaria in Africa: improving the measurement of progress. Malar J 13: 39.
-
5.
Parnell S , Walawege R , 2011. Sub-Saharan African urbanisation and global environmental change. Glob Env Change 21: S12–S20.
-
6.
Patel RB , Burke TF , 2009. Urbanization, an emerging humanitarian disaster. N Engl J Med 361: 741–743.
-
7.
Alirol E , Getaz L , Stoll B , Chappuis F , Loutan L , 2011. Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 131–141.
-
8.
Thwing J et al. 2017. Declines in malaria burden and all-cause child mortality following increases in control Interventions in Senegal, 2005–2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97 (Suppl 3): 89–98.
-
9.
Breurec S et al. 2016. Aaetiology and epidemiology of diarrhea in hospitalized children from low income country: a matched case-control study in Central African Republic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004283.
-
10.
Wagner D , de With K , Huzly D , Hufert F , Weidmann M , Breisinger S , Eppinger S , Kern WV , Bauer TM , 2004. Nosocomial acquisition of dengue. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1872–1873.
-
11.
Weidmann M , Faye O , Faye O , Kranaster R , Marx A , Nunes MRT , Vasconcelos PF , Hufert FT , Sall AA , 2010. Improved LNA probe-based assay for the detection of African and South American yellow fever virus strains. J Clin Virol 48: 187–192.
-
12.
Shu PY , Yang CF , Su CL , Chen CY , Chang SF , Tsai KH , Cheng CH , Huang J , 2008. Two imported chikungunya cases, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1325–1326.
-
13.
Weidmann M , Sanchez-Seco MP , Sall AA , Ly PO , Thiongane Y , Lô MM , Schley H , Hufert FT , 2008. Rapid detection of important human pathogenic Phleboviruses. J Clin Virol 41: 138–142.
-
14.
Faye O , Faye O , Diallo D , Diallo D , Weidmann M , Sall AA , 2013. Quantitative real-time PCR detection of Zika virus and evaluation with field-caught mosquitoes. Virol J 10: 311.
-
15.
Ba F , Loucoubar C , Faye O , Fall G , Mbaye RNPN , Sembene M , Diallo M , Balde AT , Sall AA , Faye O , 2018. Retrospective analysis of febrile patients reveals unnoticed epidemic of zika fever in Dielmo, Senegal, 2000. Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 3: 1–9.
-
16.
Niang MN , Diop NS , Fall A , Kiori DE , Sarr FD , Sy S , Goudiaby D , Barry MA , Fall M , Dia N , 2017. Respiratory viruses in patients with influenza-like illness in Senegal: focus on human respiratory adenoviruses. PLoS One 12: e0174287.
-
17.
WHO , 2013. Global Epidemiological Surveillance Standards for Influenza. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
18.
D’Acremont V , Kilowoko M , Kyungu E , Philipina S , Sangu W , Kahama-Maro J , Lengeler C , Cherpillod P , Kaiser L , Genton B , 2014. Beyond malaria--causes of fever in outpatient Tanzanian children. N Engl J Med 370: 809–817.
-
19.
Hildenwall H , Amos B , Mtove G , Muro F , Cederlund K , Reyburn H , 2016. Causes of non-malarial febrile illness in outpatients in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 21: 149–156.
-
20.
Mahende C , Ngasala B , Lusingu J , Butichi A , Lushino P , Lemnge M , Premji Z , 2014. Aetiology of acute febrile episodes in children attending Korogwe district hospital in north-eastern Tanzania. PLoS One 9: e104197.
-
21.
Crump JA et al. 2013. Aaetiology of severe non-malaria febrile illness in northern Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2324.
-
22.
Feikin DR et al. 2012. Aaetiology and Incidence of viral and bacterial acute respiratory illness among older children and adults in rural western Kenya, 2007–2010. PLoS One 7: e43656.
-
23.
Feikin DR et al. 2013. Viral and bacterial causes of severe acute respiratory illness among children aged less than 5 years in a high malaria prevalence area of western Kenya, 2007–2010. Pediatr Infect Dis J 32: e14–e19.
-
24.
Fall A et al. 2016. Enteroviruses and rhinoviruses: molecular epidemiology of the most influenza-like illness associated viruses in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 339–347.
-
25.
Lim JK et al. 2019. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics associated with dengue during and outside the 2016 outbreak identified in health facility-based surveillance in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007882.
-
26.
Padget M , Guillemot D , Delarocque-Astagneau E , 2016. Measuring antibiotic consumption in low-income countries: a systematic review and integrative approach. Int J Antimicrob Agents 48: 27–32.
-
27.
Padget M , Tamarelle J , Herindrainy P , Ndir A , Diene Sarr F , Richard V , Piola P , Guillemot D , Delarocque-Astagneau E ; BIRDY Study Group , 2017. A community survey of antibiotic consumption among children in Madagascar and Senegal: the importance of healthcare access and care quality. J Antimicrob Chemother 72: 564–573.
-
28.
Sire JM , Garin B , Chartier L , Fall NK , Tall A , Seck A , Weill FX , Breurec S , Vray M , 2013. Community-acquired infectious diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age in Dakar, Senegal. Paediatr Int Child Health 33: 139–144.
-
29.
Marc C , Vrignaud B , Levieux K , Robine A , Gras-Le Guen C , Launay E , 2016. Inappropriate prescription of antibiotics in pediatric practice: analysis of the prescriptions in primary care. J Child Health Care 20: 530–536.
-
30.
Bonkoungou IJ , Haukka K , Österblad M , Hakanen AJ , Traoré AS , Barro N , Siitonen A , 2013. Bacterial and viral aetiology of childhood diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. BMC Pediatr 13: 36.
-
31.
Blomberg B et al. 2007. Antimicrobial resistance predicts death in Tanzanian children with bloodstream infections: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 7: 43.
-
32.
Blomberg B , 2008. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 128: 2462–2466.
-
33.
Ndir A , Diop A , Faye PM , Cissé MF , Ndoye B , Astagneau P , 2016. Epidemiology and burden of bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in a pediatric hospital in Senegal. PLoS One 11: e0143729.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2430 | 1349 | 162 |
| Full Text Views | 427 | 25 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 261 | 10 | 1 |